Allele pairs separate during gamete formation so each gamete carries only one allele.

Alleles of different genes assort independently during gamete formation.

Peas are easy to grow, have clear contrasting traits, and can self-pollinate or be cross-pollinated.

How traits are inherited from parents to offspring.

Whether inheritance followed blending or particulate (discrete units) patterns.

It maintains pure lines with known genetic backgrounds.

He removed anthers and manually transferred pollen between plants.

Phenotype = observable trait. Genotype = allele combination.

P = parental generation. F1 = first offspring. F2 = offspring of F1 cross.

Intermediate traits (e.g., wrinkled × round → intermediate seeds).

Only one parental trait appeared in F1; blending was not supported.

An allele that masks the expression of another allele.

An allele expressed only when two copies are present.

Because alleles segregate, producing predictable genotype combinations.

F1 Phenotype: 100% dominant
F1 Genotype: 100% Aa
F2 Phenotype: 3:1
F2 Genotype: 1:2:1

To predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.

Aa × aa → 1 Aa : 1 aa (phenotype depends on dominance)

Phenotype: 1 spotted : 1 white
Genotype: 1 heterozygous : 1 homozygous recessive

Track inheritance of two genes simultaneously (e.g., AaBb × aaBB).

Yes. Evidence: 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio in dihybrid crosses.

1. Traits controlled by discrete units (genes)
2. Alleles occur in pairs
3. Dominance/recessiveness
4. Segregation during gamete formation

Heterozygote shows an intermediate phenotype.

Both alleles are fully expressed.

Incomplete dominance → blended/intermediate
Codominance → both traits visible