Study guide The Genetic Code: Transcription and Translation
- What is the central dogma of molecular biology
- Is DNA directly or indirectly translated into proteins?
- What is mRNA?
- What happens during transcription?
- What happens during translation?
- What is a genotype?
- What is a phenotype?
- How are alleles related to the genotype?
- How are alleles related to the phenotype?
- How many base pairs code for an amino acid?
- What are some exceptions to the dogma of molecular biology?
- HIV is a reverse transcriptase. What does that mean?
- Other than mRNA, what does DNA code for directly.
- How many unique amino acids exist? How many are possible?
- What are the 4 RNA nitrogenous bases? How are the similar/different from the DNA bases?
- The triplet code is redundant. What does that mean?
- What is a codon?
- What is a start codon? What is the base pair sequence of the start codon?
- What is a stop codon? What are the base pair sequences of the stop codon?
- There are 4 properties of “the code”. What are they?
- Be able to transcribe and translate a DNA strand into its amino acid sequence, given an amino acid chart.
- What are mutations? How do they emerge? What do they create?
- What is the difference between a point mutation and a chromosome level mutation?
- What is a replacement mutation?
- What is a silent mutation?
- Are most mutations beneficial, neutral, or deleterious?
- There are two kinds of chromosome-level mutations, what are they and how are they different?
- In chromosome level mutations: What is polyploidy? Aneuploidy? What is inversion? Translocation?
- What is transcription?
- What is translation?
- What is a template strand? A coding strand?
- What enzyme synthesizes mRNA.
- How many RNA polymerases do Bacteria have? Eukaryotes?
- What is a sigma? How is it related to the RNA polymerase?
- What is required for transcription to begin?
- Why are the several different types of sigma?
- There are 5 steps of the initiation of transcription. What are they (in order)?
- What enzyme is working during the elongation phase of transcription?
- How does the termination phase of transcription occur?
- How is the RNA process different in eukaryotes vs. bacteria?
- What is pre-mRNA? What needs to be changed for it to be a functional molecule?
- What is an exon? Intron?
- What is RNA splicing? Does it happen in bacteria?
- Which are removed from pre-mRNA: introns or exons?
- How is translation at the ribosomes different for bacterial and eukaryotes?
- What is tRNA? What does it do? How is it different than mRNA?
- And is an anticodon? Where are the found? How is it related to a codon?
- Where does translation take place in a bacterium? A eukaryote?
- How are amino acids linked?
- What are ribosomes made of? What is their function?
- What is the structure of the ribosome? What does the small subunit do? What does the large subunit do?
- What 3 steps of translation happen at the ribosome?
- What are the 3 steps of the initiation of translation?
- What are the 3 steps of the elongation of translation?
- What are the 3 steps of the termination of translation?