http://thebiologyprimer.com/home daily 1.0 2018-08-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1474564506713-VFS21T22VW88LCFZRLFQ/biologylogocircle.png home https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1475169119565-TL7BOSKLRRKZ6CE3OSS7/Untitled.png home http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-fungi daily 0.75 2014-01-18 http://thebiologyprimer.com/marchantiophyta daily 0.75 2013-10-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382545680012-6S2XJQJCU51536U4J4VH/Untitled.jpg Marchantiophyta (Liverworts) Thallose liverwort. The thallus is the ribbon-like leaves of the plant. Photo: Lairich Rig 2007. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382545977036-GNV5PWRQ9428ZP9UKH9H/Untitled.jpg Marchantiophyta (Liverworts) Thallose liverworts (Marchantia and Lunularia spp.) showing clonal plantlets in gemma cups. A gemma is a mass of cells, or a modified bud of tissue, that detaches from the parent and develops into a new individual. This type of asexual reproduction is referred to as fragmentation. It is a means of asexual propagation in plants. Photo: Avenue 2011. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382572347149-M4MV02M02GP4MFWPWN6C/775px-Marchantia.jpg Marchantiophyta (Liverworts) The star-shaped structures are the archaegonial heads of a thallose liverwort. The archaegonia hold fertilized spores, whereas the antheridial head holds sperm. Photo: J.F Gaffard 2004. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382546391728-I7PCAJ702TKJN7ECYKCN/Liverwort_life_cycle.jpg Marchantiophyta (Liverworts) Life cycle of a liverwort. Ilustration: LadyofHats 2005. Source: Wikimedia Commons. http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-microorganisms daily 0.75 2014-04-30 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-fungi daily 0.75 2014-04-30 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-inside-the-cell daily 0.75 2014-01-17 http://thebiologyprimer.com/the-origin-and-evolution-of-animals daily 0.75 2019-08-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1413991236285-A5HUAZ4HRS2OHYTRQ6NX/1Singlelate2.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Animals Figure 1. A single, unicellular choanoflagellate. Choanoflagellates are easily identified by the collared, ovoid cell win a single, long flagellum. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1413991003142-AUX069KGL6BXRWM67DVY/Sphaeroeca-colony.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Animals Figure 2 A colony of choanoflagellates. Interestingly, some species of choanoflagellates can form simple colonies. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1564774179079-6CGLAN5FTI0N3BL4FDM9/Picture1.png The Origin and Evolution of Animals Figure 3. Cross section of a sponge. The digestive layer of sponges contain choanocytes, which capture food particles with their flagella and entrap the food in the collars of the cells. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1413993936940-RIC0YSZT91Z3BN9FE60W/Eponge_%C3%A0_d%C3%A9terminer_%282%29.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Animals https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1413993977578-WSGE951G97GC6F9PO05M/Layang-Layang_diving47.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Animals https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1413994001361-C93G956W0WCFYQFNRMJP/800px-Red_Tube_Sponge.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Animals https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1413994021946-TMK9O4AOHPAGIKBBSSRI/Small_Sponge.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Animals https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1413994146540-52XDQG2XRBSZZ2GMC6YL/SpongeColorCorrect.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Animals https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1564603404600-58EUT4XE81ZGCLC37NK9/aed7094fa6cf9576562666c40a6c92cb.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Animals Figure 4. Asymmetry. Sponges also differ from all other animals in that they have an asymmetrical body plan and do not have nerves, muscles, a digestive or a circulatory system. Radial Symmetry. Cnidarians (i.e. jelly fish) and Ctenophorans (box jellies) have radial symmetry, consisting of many planes of symmetry. Bilateral Symmetry. Most animals are bilaterally symmetrical, consisting of two symmetrical halves. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1414163688442-SE6DEP2RD37L4PF6AIHJ/e4de8f200697088f482aed86ef773d70.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Animals Figure 6. A comparison of diploblasty vs. triploblasty of the blastula. During early embryonic development in animals, undifferentiated cells begin to differentiate. In diplobastic animals the initial differentiation produces two distinct germ layers: the endoderm and ectoderm. In all animal, these layers develop into the digestive system and outer layer (i.e. skin), respectively. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1414164135302-ZOLTSMNIIFLKOQT8INNP/Gastrulation.png The Origin and Evolution of Animals Figure 7. Gastrulation of a diploblast. The formation of germ layers from a (1) blastula to a (2) gastrula. Certain ectoderm cells (orange) move inward forming the endoderm (red). The pore created during gastrulation, known as the blastopore, becomes the opening responsible for ingestion and excretion. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1414164156297-KW5WDCMELD0FZ76F8AH9/image-asset.png The Origin and Evolution of Animals Figure 8. Diploblasty in cndiarians (jellyfish-left, anenome-right). The external layer of the adult (red) emerges from the ectoderm, whereas the internal digestive organ emerges from the endoderm. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1414164398694-CIK6X4XB0JAOUU7EW39W/biology_oden_hydra.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Animals Figure 9. Example of a nerve net in a hydra. Nerve and muscles originated in the ancestors of Cnidaria and Ctenophora. The nerve net allows these organisms to sense and react to their environment. However, unlike triploblastic animals there is no localized collection of nerves. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1414094035415-22A98QLSXJGZCYJBETWB/image-asset.png The Origin and Evolution of Animals Figure 10. Phylum Cnidaria. Characteristics include diploblasty, a nerve net, cnidocytes and radial symmetry. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1414094475666-RH9MJS568C36XPHTOJBS/LightRefractsOf_comb-rows_of_ctenophore_Mertensia_ovum.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Animals Figure 11. Phylum Ctenophora. Characteristics include: diploblasty, radial symmetry and cilia. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1565018339599-GUY2AI9G5IMN5PO595DJ/spine-4052599_640.png The Origin and Evolution of Animals Figure 12. Triploblastic animals are characterized by a central nervous system and cephalization. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1414096743861-VHDF2BGHJ9W8INHNSBG3/image-asset.jpeg The Origin and Evolution of Animals Figure 13. Phylum Acoelomorpha. Characteristics include a bilateral body plan, cephalization (notice the eyespots on the upper right) and a centralized nervous system. However, unlike all other bilateral animals acoelomates lack a coelom. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1414098849173-F0KL2LXVXJKBVU0QKDTQ/image-asset.png The Origin and Evolution of Animals Figure 14. Developmental differences between coelomates: the protostomes and deuterostomes. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1565026116968-1D2VINUG6G9BQJQ1EVZ5/666px-20040515_083441_1_crop2_rotated.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Animals Figure 15. An ecdysozoan molting. Ecdysozoans must shed their outer exoskeleton in order to increase in size. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1414099457369-97D5416RQZKVOD6DO21K/800px-Strigilla_carnaria.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Animals Figure 16. Incremental growth occurs in lophotrochozoans. The radiating rings of a clams shell is caused by varying minerals in the shifting sands as a clam develops. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1414100124713-IU47X6CNYQJCCEVH34TO/image-asset.jpeg The Origin and Evolution of Animals Figure 17. Phylum Bryozoa. Moss animals represent one of the earliest groups of lophotrochozoans. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1565027935533-YXEAAHQRBOBU75GACN4X/1626px-The_Rotifer_Notholca_sp.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Animals Figure 18. Phylum Rotifera. Rotifers are small animals that feed with specialized mouthparts known as a corona. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1414101217971-FK6PYZN51H9QR894D3P1/image-asset.jpeg The Origin and Evolution of Animals - Cestodes (Platyhelmenthes) Figure 19. Cestode in Phylum Platyhelminthes. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1414101413670-7TG987S6RY2S3RLVCRXX/image-asset.jpeg The Origin and Evolution of Animals Figure 20. Trematode in Phylum Platyhelminthes. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1564601217335-KVVIUA1LSEI0XVR3LMES/Untitled.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Animals Figure 21. Phylum Annelida. Characteristics includes triploblasty, bilateral symmetry, cephalization, presence of a coleom and segmentation. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1565034275618-VG0XLTAH6S56NLTYEMHW/Common_snail.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Animals Figure 22. Subphylum Gastropoda. Like all mollucs, snails have a muscular foot and a mantle. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1565034748338-KZGVMWUZH1J7SC3K6GMB/Hysteroconcha_dione.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Animals Figure 23. Subphylum Bivalvia. http://thebiologyprimer.com/evidence-of-evolution daily 0.75 2018-01-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1407251319577-YCX3D7QW19L7SX0KUDZA/image-asset.png Evidence of Evolution https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1516117930784-D03F7YERX0F1GQT36ONY/Picture1.png Evidence of Evolution https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1407252659236-X831G8I6AX48LCWKO7ND/image-asset.gif Evidence of Evolution The foramen magnum of Homo sapiens is highlighted in red. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1407254147762-5CSFVMGVWAHBZQ8H62YU/image-asset.png Evidence of Evolution The foramen magnum of a dog (Canis domesticus) is horizontal relative to the ground, which suggests these animals are quadrupeds, or walk on four legs. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1407253922559-51ZXDTTJIIRPIABPNBLE/image-asset.gif Evidence of Evolution Animation of a lion (a quadruped) walking. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1407253664615-O9S6YONN15C3SVET9HG1/800px-Descriptive_Zoopraxography_Baboon_Walking_Animated_13.gif Evidence of Evolution Animation of a baboon (a knuckle-walking pongid) walking. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1407257029024-24BLOPNOG5U6I52DD4HA/Untitled.png Evidence of Evolution Spinal column insertion angles at the foramen magnum of hominids vs. pongids. http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-the-cell-cycle daily 0.75 2014-01-17 http://thebiologyprimer.com/the-origin-and-evolution-of-fungi daily 0.75 2014-06-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1402338098148-WSXHQ9LJQ7JK006133KI/Hyaloperonospora-parasitica-hyphae-haustoria.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Fungi The hyphal (feeding) cells of a parasitic fungi are stained dark purple. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1402334978509-4IQNVMRXUNQUW3CFBYQ1/image-asset.jpeg The Origin and Evolution of Fungi Nuclearids are the closest group of organisms related to fungi. They are unicellular, amoeboid protists with filose pseudopodia. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1401746566462-0OAP8PLTNXU96PDVE3GN/Msp_tubule_EM.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Fungi Scanning electron micrograph of a microsporidian spore with an extruded polar tubule inserted into a eukaryotic cell. The spore injects the infective sporoplasms through its polar tubule. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1401746653014-ADFJAVMTLY7QI3LVB95H/image-asset.jpeg The Origin and Evolution of Fungi This microsporidan is a common parasite in the intestines of dab (Limanda limanda). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1402336316607-WNX3MVJQVIXR9183FOX0/chytriomyces_sp.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Fungi Some chytrids are parasites on algae. The big structure in picture 1 and 2 is a unicellular alga and the little small sphere is the zoosporangium (fruiting body of the chytrid fungus. When the zoosporangium opens, it releases zoospores. Chytrid zoospores are unique as they are the only ones that have a whip-like flagellum. They use this flagellum to swim in water in attempt to find a host. Once they find a host, the flagellum retracts and the chytrid will begin to parasitize its new host. eventually developing a new zoosporangium. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1401747032570-MV7M5FA8EXNU8TDA52CL/image-asset.jpeg The Origin and Evolution of Fungi A chytrid-infected frog. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1402337820874-K52LYLL79TJ27X017CI4/image-asset.jpeg The Origin and Evolution of Fungi An asexual sporangium of a zygomycete atop a hyphal cell. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1402337594496-699VD451GTILIM5IJSUN/image-asset.jpeg The Origin and Evolution of Fungi When two asexual sporangia of different individual zygomycetes come in contact with each other, the sporangia fuse and sexual reproduction occurs between the haploid gametes. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1402338442873-BYE52ZIB4LTMKVAPTZC7/image-asset.jpeg The Origin and Evolution of Fungi Glomeromycetes are arbuscular mychorrhizal fungi, which exist in symbiotic relationships with most plant species. In this photo, the large stick-like structures are the roots of a plant. The thin, white filaments are the hyphae. The reproductive structures of the fungi are the orange-brown globular structures. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1402343265861-JM359GR30SV5GVJMO7LD/Asco1007.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Fungi Complete apothecium of an ascomycete. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1402343830441-PHMH6XK9XXG3KNA5MEK8/Untitled.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Fungi Closeup of the apothecium showing the asci and the hyphae cells. The spores are the dark globular structures inside the asci. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1402344889152-ICEG7MD8VXFC15GJYSPZ/image-asset.jpeg The Origin and Evolution of Fungi A close up of what an apothecium of an ascomycete looks like to the naked eye. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1402344137566-GKN5U7KP6QSX2I1MU7DQ/Untitled.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Fungi Morel mushrooms (left) and truffles are ascomycetes. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1402344204787-FDGPOYVY0SIT3ITQ9XU3/Harmonia.axyridis.with.Laboulbeniales.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Fungi Some ascomycetes are parasites on animals. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1402344538988-0GDQCO81CBXSYYHU9GVO/image-asset.jpeg The Origin and Evolution of Fungi Some lichens can grow directly on rock. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1402344779197-LCIY8XC1S4YT8XQ24AA1/image-asset.jpeg The Origin and Evolution of Fungi Cross section of an apothecium of a lichen. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1402345049471-H5ZW2CQ2QQU6ZT2E73GD/image-asset.jpeg The Origin and Evolution of Fungi A transverse section of a lichen. A=Fungal layer (upper cortex), B=Medulla, C=Algal cells. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1402345558228-LW8E5GBV83Z5HR1C58X4/Untitled.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Fungi Parts of a basidiomycete mushroom. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1402345617024-B2TU8XSYPFTWXAU1G29I/Basi1001L.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Fungi Closeup of Coprinus with the edge of the gills where basidium can be seen with basidiospores. A=Sterigma, B=Basidium, C=Basidiospore, D=Immature basidia. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1402345731350-0YKRMXHY9IQFXBV5NIFE/image-asset.jpeg The Origin and Evolution of Fungi A puffball (a basidiomycete) dispersing spores. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1402345800563-NEL8FS4D77YW5N317ZIE/1024px-Another_great_mushroom_we_found_on_a_walk_through_the_pinery._Bajouca%2C_Portugal_%28396452863%29.jpg The Origin and Evolution of Fungi Shelf mushrooms are basidiomycetes. http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-patterns-of-inheritance daily 0.75 2014-01-17 http://thebiologyprimer.com/documentary-first-life-arrival daily 0.75 2021-09-21 http://thebiologyprimer.com/the-origin-and-evolution-of-eukarya daily 0.75 2013-10-23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1395935519908-I4YJB2GMXDBDO08TJBUS/Untitled.png The Origin and Evolution of Eukarya Diversity of life and the International Society of Protists (2005) Eukarya “supergroups”. http://thebiologyprimer.com/nitella daily 0.75 2014-02-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392925279286-UF7N1Y8CWBFDJI6ORFSP/800px-Nitella_allenii_var._allenii.JPG Nitella - Nitella allenii https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392925328801-8DSFFXLPAV3EW15J7BIM/800px-NitellaMeadow.jpg Nitella - Nitella in habitat https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392925385126-BZB3US6KCZUF6XHE6YYX/Nitella_mucronata_quirl.jpeg Nitella - Nitella mucronata http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-videos-microorganisms daily 0.75 2014-01-18 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-evolution-on-a-large-scale daily 0.75 2014-01-17 http://thebiologyprimer.com/contact-information daily 0.75 2018-08-16 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lab-primers/volume1 daily 0.75 2016-10-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1474725468770-RNIGPA6LPFOO1097RZMF/image-asset.png The Biology Lab Primer: from atoms to cells http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-green-algae-and-plants daily 0.75 2014-04-30 http://thebiologyprimer.com/carbohydrates daily 0.75 2013-10-31 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398212408535-ER0VBN8W6GQ3BNP8VVE5/image-asset.png Carbohydrates Two isomers of glucose: α-glucose and β-glucose (C6H12O6) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398213779142-W91LM0ZXEWXABNFMS6EW/Glycosidic_bond.gif Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are connected by glycosidic linkages, also known as α-1,4-glycosidic bonds https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383248106945-6IKK3TXK459TMNU9VME3/Sucrose.gif Carbohydrates Sucrose is a disaccharide formed by a glycosidic linkage between glucose and fructose. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398213637441-4HELAQ0MAM68561HUSER/image-asset.png Carbohydrates Storage Polysaccharides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398213604415-AX7NHVDM800EL6IR6S4N/image-asset.jpeg Carbohydrates https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398213967068-FJD2KP36MC9IHL413AED/image-asset.png Carbohydrates Molecular structure of cellulose https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398264856657-0BNXR80KTL3XVTEBEYKL/image-asset.png Carbohydrates Molecular structure of chitin https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398265077526-ZCY4JT2PH9TKO3DBXL1U/600px-Peptidoglycan-simple.png Carbohydrates Molecular structure of peptidoglycan https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398267503396-6GNCW5L25VO41MAQ67WE/image-asset.png Carbohydrates https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398267794849-D9BQ9DIND05QKDTTC5IH/image-asset.jpeg Carbohydrates Amyoplasts appear dark purple when stained iodine. http://thebiologyprimer.com/transcription-rna-processing-and-translation daily 0.75 2014-09-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383574818136-OCJYHHAS8LP9CVIQ8MJ3/2000px-Molbio-Header.svg.png Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology: DNA codes for RNA which codes for proteins https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1411057235971-72GTYOHWOU8I60I4H900/image-asset.jpeg Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1411057903803-OZ24WFC7N3NXT47QIIUZ/721px-Simple_transcription_initiation1.svg.png Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation Initiation of transcription is the same in prokaryotes and eukaryotes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1411058742427-8X7I1Q2XNDPLJL4OBFF9/image-asset.png Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation Representation of RNA Polymerase (blue) producing mRNA (green) from a double-stranded DNA template (orange). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1411058854560-JCYXNO7MZKLVBDP4WN56/image-asset.png Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation Elongation phase of transcription https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1411058912688-FSZF7W46Y21QPC31A6NY/image-asset.png Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation Termination of transcription https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1411066610281-PPV2E7PKMGFM9K3O3770/image-asset.jpeg Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation Post-transcription modification in eukaryotes: RNA splicing https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1411067178358-CNUSMHYIZKELS9YM8S8K/image-asset.jpeg Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation The Genetic Code. The triplet code mRNA directly codes for the assembly of amino acids that make up a protein. To identify the amino acid coded by the mRNA sequence, locate the mRNA triplet code (codon), the grey box to its right represents the corresponding amino acid. For example, CCC indicates the amino acid Proline (Pro). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1411067810775-YYPVWXN90KVFJW4D06AQ/image-asset.jpeg Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1411068310682-KDZXEO4ZA7XBX2F3GWR9/image-asset.png Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation Translation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1411068812931-8OHBNR615H52RCPKZIJ7/image-asset.png Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation Initiation of Translation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1411068188661-FG27GAZQY6UTLU6QAYA2/image-asset.jpeg Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation Elongation of translation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1411068953237-CYC1YI7W5VP4NCJL2TSL/image-asset.png Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation Termination of translation http://thebiologyprimer.com/bryophyta daily 0.75 2013-10-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382574287658-DSZMLENVHDK5Y9JCDPF3/Moss_spores.jpg Bryophyta (True Mosses) - Bryophyta Moss. The green vegetative microphylls with emerging sporagium (which hold the sexual spores). Photo: Lordgrunt 2008. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382574325986-SXIKTAE32RTA9Z1RX7TO/2012-12-31_16-06-41-mousse-6f.jpg Bryophyta (True Mosses) - Single sporangium of a moss. Photo: Thomas Bresson 2012. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382627466631-KHYZBRRXC5SMYN87F2FH/Moss_macro.jpg Bryophyta (True Mosses) - Close up of moss vegetative structures Photo: Brian Calloway 2010. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382627828642-O6MVDCQG44AKD3AS2YH6/Moss_covered_rocks%2C_Beddgelert_Forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_542866.jpg Bryophyta (True Mosses) - Moss covered rocks Photo: Philip Halling 2007. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382628367359-1D2N2037KRC3VH1YGM7U/Untitled.png Bryophyta (True Mosses) Moss life cycle. Illustration: LadyofHats 2005. Source: Wikimedia Commons. http://thebiologyprimer.com/diversityoflife daily 0.75 2014-08-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1407266789725-KK98HNLH7WRZDFP6OL43/Slide01.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1407266789729-HOMJ1CDMHEBMNJ73E7ZT/Slide02.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1407266789793-ML8KV9ZLBC8BCQ6MWRFT/Slide03.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1407266789851-WP89EHDYYQS7XMORDASK/Slide04.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1407266789914-Y7URRD11ZWZ39OQ496EJ/Slide05.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1407266789975-7LNAWJB17WK4GC4IWE9E/Slide06.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1407266790035-2U3LF91X7C59L7V4XRL9/Slide07.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1407266790158-Y4ADXBSZOWMQ5OQ3WZQU/Slide08.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1407266790246-48XJ432DMPQ7O7MVFFN1/Slide09.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1407266790340-I17VUIOQJA307HMAXYCG/Slide10.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1407266790431-UBF6LP6ODKFK4HMGXAQW/Slide11.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1407266790527-I2DF95GF1XGXANQSUHPG/Slide12.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1407266790620-GIDW7QUKQLDASS162SE8/Slide13.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1407266790716-Y80IJCUPZTM4UY4LWVOS/Slide14.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1407266790807-ZCGK5R4B73IS13SGFEF7/Slide15.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1418169215835-AQTXZ60HT3SNLVDT2LZC/Slide1.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1418169215572-IFHR7KHXQ5T3RUL1WMSU/Slide2.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1418169215916-M57BNKXZT6ODWP2X7DIU/Slide3.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1418169216182-32Q2PPVCGJLC674KREKP/Slide4.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1418169216387-4Z36FDVFHLUGY2PRA1Y2/Slide5.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life http://thebiologyprimer.com/gnetopsida daily 0.75 2013-10-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383061808602-5IMQ135LE5UIAW1CITQ8/Welwitschia-mirabilis-man.jpg Gnetopsida (Gnetophytes) - ​Male plant of Welwitchia mirabilis. This species is only found in the extremely arid Namibian Desert in Southern Africa. Photo: Bries 2005. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383062018230-95JP4FILM7FSNJACAZM5/Welwitschia-seeds.jpg Gnetopsida (Gnetophytes) - Fertilized female cones of Welwitchia mirabilus. Photo: Bries 2005. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383062100688-IOZS28551QPPTD2TH4NP/657px-Welwitschia_mirabilis_seed.jpg Gnetopsida (Gnetophytes) - Seed of Welwitchia mirabilis. Photo: Amanda44 2011. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383062222547-E3QFNHIFJV3YEEMRSGAI/800px-Welwitchia_Mirabilis_%28Male%29.JPG Gnetopsida (Gnetophytes) - Staminate cones of a male Welwitchia mirabils Photo: Luxil 2010. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383062354297-O4AXOT39SF2GWHP3EQNH/800px-Odontopus_sexpunctatusIII.jpg Gnetopsida (Gnetophytes) - Unlike most gymnosperms, gnetophytes (i.e. Welwitchia mirabils) secretes pollination droplets eaten by specific insects, resulting in insect pollination. Angiosperms are the only other group of plants with this ecological similarity. Photo: Nanosanchez 2012. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383062613324-XPGM410NW9MVWDWMP8XR/800px-Ephedra_distachya_%28female_plant_in_bloom%29.jpg Gnetopsida (Gnetophytes) - Fertile female plant of Ephedra distachya. All gnetophytes have bracts that surround the ovules (eggs), clearly seen in this example. Photo: Le.Loup.Gris 2009. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383062808058-7AZWGYGNBFKSICMRDK4Y/800px-Ephedra_distachya_%28male_flowers%29_1.jpg Gnetopsida (Gnetophytes) - Male plant of Ephedra fominea. Pollen-containing anthers radiate from central bracts on an apical meristem. Photo: Gideon Pisanty 2008. Source: Wikimedia Commons. http://thebiologyprimer.com/lycopodiopsida daily 0.75 2013-10-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382640969814-AUSGRJ6BQARGQCMFTVTX/Lycopodium_annotinum_04.jpg Lycopodiopsida (Club Mosses) - Club moss with emerging sporangia. Lycopodium annotinum. Photo: Bjoertvedt 2008. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382641232289-6T3WIJKIQ09N5FYUSQXO/800px-Underside_Closeup_of_lateral_branch_of_L._obscurum.PNG Lycopodiopsida (Club Mosses) - Close up of club moss microphyll Lycopodium obscurum. Photo: Drawnear 2011. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382641701073-04S1PFIW7639MYNCB9DF/303px-516_Lycopodium_selago.jpg Lycopodiopsida (Club Mosses) - Illustration of a club moss Note the small root-like structures known as rhizoids (which are a single cell long). Illustration: Carl Lindman 1917-1926. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382642351302-6RVPV9MUGIH855CBZFB6/Untitled.jpg Lycopodiopsida (Club Mosses) - Club moss strobilus showing sporangia and spores. Selaginella sp. Light micrograph of a longitudinal section of a Selaginella strobilus, showing microsporangia (right) and megasporangia (left). Photo: Curtis Clark 2012. Source: Wikimedia Commons. http://thebiologyprimer.com/ceullarrespirationandfermentation daily 0.75 2014-10-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398345861208-EYKRD7T8XD6EZV4YJM9C/Untitled.png Cellular Respiration and Fermentation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398269574388-NOTESDC08YRJ4K8NDR82/image-asset.png Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lab set up for the cellular respiration lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398286670219-DTI5XG925LJ3CJ5KVNT4/image-asset.png Cellular Respiration and Fermentation http://thebiologyprimer.com/lab-primers daily 0.75 2025-08-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382535968996-LY6CIHB3Z56CLJ57V0TB/bio-lab_cover-ill_02+%281%29.jpg lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1474681067668-9FCCRBKIEN27OQ6D7587/image-asset.png lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1474681171884-CM4V260WA53AJ4JR4VKB/image-asset.png lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1474681313050-P7DGFM57DJQKA37UDB9T/image-asset.png lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1474681359305-2A7NVQAUK16F6AG3HKZG/image-asset.png lab http://thebiologyprimer.com/ginkgoopsida daily 0.75 2013-10-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383057602337-GN548Z9BGA0FNENTZEZA/1024px-Jingu_Gaien_Ginkgo_Street_Tokyo.jpg Ginkgoopsida (Ginkgo Trees) Ginkgo biloba are almost exclusively urban trees cultivated by humans. In fall, the leaves turn bright yellow before dropping for the winter. Photo: Chris 73. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383057755639-TINDA49ZIDW4XDUVSYVV/825px-Ginkgo-Baum.jpg Ginkgoopsida (Ginkgo Trees) Ginkgo biloba turns brilliant yellow in fall. Photo: Ginkgotree. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382997399584-MTMYIRN9N0OZUZFJ84SO/Ginkgo_biloba_-_male_flower.JPG Ginkgoopsida (Ginkgo Trees) Male strobili of Ginkgo bilboa. The yellow structures are pollen-containing anthers are known as strobili. Notice their are no flower petals surrounding the anthers. Photo: Marcin Kolasiński 2010. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383055617269-33E12PLHVRZLK9LEC3PX/449px-Ginkgo_biloba_006.JPG Ginkgoopsida (Ginkgo Trees) - Female unfertilized ovules. Ginkgo biloba. Photo: H. Zell 2010. Source Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383056751011-F1D963H1P34NYKA9V0TN/768px-Ginkgo_biloba_007.jpg Ginkgoopsida (Ginkgo Trees) The fleshy, fruit-like sarcotesta of Ginkgo biloba contains 1 or 2 fertilized seeds. When ripe the sacrotesta smells like vomit. Photo: H. Zell 2010. Source Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383057456374-BHS7E9JR1Z5YJTTPTCF2/800px-Gingko_biloba_seeds.jpg Ginkgoopsida (Ginkgo Trees) - Seeds of Ginkgo biloba Photo: Steve Hurst 2005. Source: Wikimedia Commons. http://thebiologyprimer.com/introduction-to-the-scientific-method daily 0.75 2026-02-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1474418502908-P2VCU8PXHUUENCQYMQIM/image-asset.png Chapter: Scientific Method https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1474910072448-DX6Z34TGVMXI5QTNTNIA/image-asset.png Chapter: Scientific Method Figure 1. Deductive and inductive reasoning in the scientific method. Making sense of the natural world begins with observations. Left) As we collect observations of the world, we can begin to make general predictions (or perceptions) regarding phenomena. This process is known as inductive reasoning, making general predictions from specific phenomena. From these generalized perceptions of reality, specific predictions can be deduced using logic, generating hypotheses. Middle) Experimentation allows researchers to test the predictions of the hypotheses. If a hypothesis is falsified, that is another observation which adds to our general perception of reality. Right) As more and more similar but different experiments reinforce a specific prediction, growing support emerges for the development of a scientific theory, another example of inductive reasoning. In turn, a theory can assist in the development of additional, untested hypotheses using deductive reasoning. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1474911807221-PGKU453OI8PG1AN2NS81/image-asset.png Chapter: Scientific Method Figure 2. The Scientific Method. Observations of the natural world lead to questions. Scientific questions generate hypotheses, many of which may be tested through controlled experimentation. Experimentation and analysis allows hypotheses to be falsified, which provide information (or conclusions). The process of scientific experimentation leads to more observations and questions. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1474911991192-IUELE2A5TKO6VC59W3ZZ/image-asset.png Chapter: Scientific Method Figure 3. Null and alternative hypotheses. Every experiment simultaneously tests several hypotheses. In an experiment analyzing the effects between two phenomena, the null hypothesis is there is no difference between those phenomena. An alternative hypothesis states that there is a difference between the phenomena. Different alternative hypotheses will include (1) x is not equal to y, (2) x is greater than y, and (3) x is less than y. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1474912259008-RUDVWMKMB46AIPWEL5ZV/image-asset.png Chapter: Scientific Method Figure 4. Possible relationships between correlated phenomena. Direct causation: x causes y. Reverse causation: y causes x. Common causation: z affects both x and y. Cyclic causation: x affects y, and y affects x. Indirect causation: x affects y, but indirectly through another variable, z. Coincidence: x and y are related, but there are no known causal relationships. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1474910590912-DLPZJOP1DQ9J4U3CBZI3/image-asset.png Chapter: Scientific Method Figure 5. Correlation between rates of autism and organic food sales. These variables are highly correlated, but clearly organic food sales are not responsible for increasing autism rates. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1474912348645-ZAI35VMK38CLN6ZOVV8S/image-asset.png Chapter: Scientific Method Figure 6. Dependent vs. independent variables. This is a useful tool for determining the dependent and independent variables in an experiment. Once you identify the variables in an experiment, plug them into: ___ depends ___. The first word will be the dependent variable and the last will be the independent variable. Dependent variables are the manipulated variables (or inputs) within a controlled experiment, whereas the independent variable is the expected effect (or output). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1474911418976-A0070W9E1NF5MVEG4LDF/image-asset.png Chapter: Scientific Method Figure 7. Correlation between average global temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Analysis of global warming is a natural experiment. While carbon dioxide and global temperatures are highly correlated, and increasing since the mid-1800s, additional controlled experiments are useful in supporting a case for causation. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1474912785274-55T6S5Y5LEBJE5D28O0U/normal.png Chapter: Scientific Method Figure 8. Descriptive statistics describe the central tendency and variability of data. The mean (μ), is the measure of the observed average numerical value of a population of data, whereas the standard deviation (σ) is a measure of the variability of a population of data. If data are normally distributed, the first deviation represents 68% of the observations, while the second and third deviations represent 95% and the 99.7% of the observations.   https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1474912769264-0JWEQVCPN3ORKV44VME2/image-asset.png Chapter: Scientific Method Figure 9. Visualization of how standard deviation (σ) is calculated. Standard deviation (σ) is a cumulative measure of the deviations of observed values (xi) and the sample mean (x̅). To calculate standard deviation, take the square root (√) of the sum (∑) of squared deviations of the sample mean (x̅) from the observed value (xi), divided by the sample size minus one (n-1). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1474912626485-OIGO40UL96CPGS5L8Q4B/image-asset.png Chapter: Scientific Method Figure 10. Decision tree for hypothesis testing using Student's t-test. The p-value of a t-test determines if there is a significant difference the sample means between the control and experimental groups. If p ≥ 0.05, there is no statistical difference, supporting the null hypothesis indicating no effect of the treatment on the dependent variable. If p < 0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected, indicating some effect of the treatment on the dependent variable. If the sample mean (x̅) for the control group is larger than the sample mean for the experimental group, the alternative hypothesis suggesting the treatment decreases the dependent variable is supported. Alternatively, is the mean of the experimental group is higher, it is concluded the treatment increased the dependent variable. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1471623938650-I4K3A4EZH0EJR98GMY7U/image-asset.gif Chapter: Scientific Method Figure 11. Pasteur's experiment testing spontaneous generation and biogenesis. Pasteur invented the swan-necked flask to create an environment known not to grow microorganisms. After sterilizing a nutrient broth in these flasks, he removed the swan necks of the samples in the control group. Microorganisms grew in the control group, but not the experimental group, supporting biogenesis and rejecting spontaneous generation. http://thebiologyprimer.com/new-page daily 0.75 2013-10-22 http://thebiologyprimer.com/chlorophyta daily 0.75 2013-10-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382628537364-CSALTS91F8FKJLPFL2VC/Micrasterias_.jpg Chlorophyta (Green Algae) - Unicellular green algae. Micrasterias sp. Micrasterias are unicellular green algae approximately 0.35mm in size. Micrasterias displays a bilateral symmetry, with two mirror image semi-cells joined by a narrow isthmus containing the nucleus of the organism. This dual semi-cell structure is unique to the group of green algae to which Micrasterias belongs. Each semi-cell contains a single large chloroplast, the site of photosynthesis for the Micrsterias. Photo AjBurk 2007. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382628826836-DTS52A1EKR9PIGQIJ257/Hydrodictyon_reticulatum.jpg Chlorophyta (Green Algae) - Colonial green algae The water net (genus Hydrodictyon) are colonial green algae that usually have a pentagonal or hexagonal innerconntected structure of their colonies, which can extend several meters. Photo: NEON 2009. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382629228844-420IQG3ZH13TH5I3PP5H/Green_algae_.jpg Chlorophyta (Green Algae) - Colonial Green Algae Chloroplasts are easily visible. Photo: Micropix 2012. Source: Wikimedia Commons. http://thebiologyprimer.com/equitopsida daily 0.75 2013-10-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382988654373-V2UN85ES2WEQR5TAYINM/354px-Equisetum_arvense_nf.jpg Equitopsida (Horsetails) Illustration of Equisetum arvensae. Vegetative shoots have megaphylls (true leaves) in whorls surrounding a central stem attached to a node sheath. Fertile shoots have a spore-containing, knob-like strobilus. Illustration: Carl Lindberg 1917-1927. Source Wikimedia Commons. License: Public Domain. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382988656817-EMOMY9GV1SCQF62UVX0D/Equisetopsida.jpg Equitopsida (Horsetails) Vegetative shoots of Equisetum telematia with megaphylls in whorls surrounding a central stem. Photo: Rror 2008. Source Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382988657787-3CQ3010A7F0ASR3BGC0V/685px-Equisetum_giganteum_ies.jpg Equitopsida (Horsetails) Horsetails typically prefer moist habitats. Equisetum giganteum. Photo: Frank Vicentz 2009. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382988661776-OQI5ILCZTYB28LIBO5TI/Unidentified_Equisetum%2C_Maramures%2C_detail_2.jpg Equitopsida (Horsetails) Closeup of a horsetail with megaphylls surrounding a node sheath. Photo: Frank Vincentz 2008. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382988794963-6PBKHPEB61NXW4T51WN5/Equisetum_fluviatile_ies.jpg Equitopsida (Horsetails) Close up of a horsetail (Equisetum fluviatile) with reduced megaphylls. Photo: Frank Vincetz 2009. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382988796839-HRA2QUH6OBH4883MSAKY/Equisetum_hyemale_003.JPG Equitopsida (Horsetails) Mature strobilus of Equisetum hymenae. Photo: H. Zell 2009. Source: Wikimedia Commons.   https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382988797354-CGCINO6CKVGHUNYCFYNH/Equisetum_strob_xs.jpg Equitopsida (Horsetails) Cross section of a horsetail's strobilus. Spores appear as small dark circular objects. Photo: unknown. Source: Wikimedia Commons. http://thebiologyprimer.com/angiospermae daily 0.75 2013-10-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383063838439-LDM3TLE0YPPILW3MTB0N/Mature_flower_diagram.svg-1.png Angiospermae (Flowering Plants) Angiosperms (flowering plants) literally translates to "vesseled seeds". Ovules in angiosperms are borne in ovaries. Ovules (eggs) are fertilized from pollen (sperm) from the anthers. Once pollen attaches to the stigma, pollen grains travel down two tubes. One tube fertilizes the ovules (which develop in to seeds). Pollen travels down the other tube fertilizes the ovaries which develop into the fruit. Illustration: Mariana Ruiz 2007. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383067682588-KKPT11HM8ZDNAARDKYJR/Monocot_vs_Dicot.svg.png Angiospermae (Flowering Plants)   This diagram is showing the differences between monocotyledonous flowers or dicotyledonous flowers. Monocots have a single cotyledon and long and narrow leaves with parallel veins. Their vascular bundles are scattered. Their petals or flower parts are in multiples of three. Dicots have two cotyledons and broad leaves with network of veins. Their vascular bundles are in a ring. Their petals or flower parts are in multiples of four or five. Photo and text: Flowerpower2007 2013. Source: Wikimedia Commons. http://thebiologyprimer.com/rhodophyta daily 0.75 2013-10-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382473597270-VD4UY49OJ3W58BCSQ2WG/Untitled2.jpg Rhodophyta (Red Algae) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382473079219-SVTWO4KXO9MHT65B56ZH/Rhodophyta1.jpg Rhodophyta (Red Algae) Coraline Red Algae. Photo: Peter Southwood 2012. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382473449303-DPT4XMEDF73YLKXC0JXZ/Untitled2.jpg Rhodophyta (Red Algae) Rhodophyta. Ptilothamnion sp. Photo: Pallastrelli 2011. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382473236928-5JFVO0BS8OHARN0K6G47/Rhodophyta2.jpg Rhodophyta (Red Algae) Rhodophyta. Haliclystus antarcticus. Photo: André C. Morandini 2010. Source: Wikimedia Commons. http://thebiologyprimer.com/psilotopsida daily 0.75 2013-10-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382643100421-PIBRMVEMZGQX7ZAQED7I/Psilotum_stem_and_synangia.jpg Psilotopsida (Whisk Ferns) - Whisk fern enation Enations are small, scaly, ball-like outgrowths extending from the stem which harbor the spores. Photo: Curtis Clark 2012. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382643397303-9P1ZOAJYJFRJZ6141O6J/Psilotum_nudum_edit.jpg Psilotopsida (Whisk Ferns) - Psilotum sp. Photo: Markus Manske 2012. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382642630928-9AYN73YUHEOICDYOS4R9/800px-Psilotum_rhizome_with_rhizoids.jpg Psilotopsida (Whisk Ferns) - Psilotum rhizomes with hair-like rhizoids Light micrograph of a preserved specimen of the rhizome of Psilotum nudum. Photo: Curtis Clark 2012. Source: Wikimedia Commons. http://thebiologyprimer.com/anthocerophyta daily 0.75 2013-10-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382638625728-0NL699MS3K9E7DTPGQPG/Hornwort_%283144429129%29.jpg Anthocerotophyta (Hornworts) - Hornwort Antheros sp. Photo: Jason Hollinger 2007. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382639837837-4190880X0VU4MZC8N7JO/Phaelaev.jpg Anthocerotophyta (Hornworts) - Anthocerotophyta Phaelaev sp. Photo: Bob Klips 2009. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382639031892-EAU3G0VK7AC4GHTVMK3O/Anthoceros_gametophyte_sporophyte_WM.jpg Anthocerotophyta (Hornworts) - Anthocerotophyta gametophyte Spores are visible the in the emerging gametophote. Photo: Curtis Clark 2012. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382639772034-CUBKWYIBWI3KPYXFACD5/2000px-Hornwort_life_cycle.svg.png Anthocerotophyta (Hornworts) - Hornwort life cycle Illustration: Lady of Hats 2005. Source: Wikimedia Commons. http://thebiologyprimer.com/spermatophyta daily 0.75 2013-10-28 http://thebiologyprimer.com/bacteriology daily 0.75 2013-10-23 http://thebiologyprimer.com/dna-replication daily 0.75 2014-09-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1397498183309-HH7SXD9X6UE8Z2J3OQDJ/DNA_bubbles2.png DNA Replication Expanding DNA bubbles in eukaryotes. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1397515816028-UNL8ALZIGWIII8ADHFUT/514px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png DNA Replication Secondary Structure of DNA. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1397516056203-MMRAYJSAPLT9ZW7EK5NO/0323_DNA_Replication.jpg DNA Replication https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1397516378105-VOKCDD6ZCJWLQI4K8B6R/640px-DNA_synthesis_EN.png DNA Replication Elongation of Deoxyribonucleotides: DNA Polymerase synthesize phosphodiester linkages. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1397517673544-1SSN027C3JXAY9FAS8E0/image-asset.png DNA Replication The leading strand synthesizes continuously; whereas the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously creating Okazaki fragments, which are connected by DNA ligase. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1397518870565-P6G3JBT62UJHWXY91LXL/T4_DNA_Ligase.jpg DNA Replication Ligase binds Okazaki fragments together. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1397519078340-KF7NL2680TYGDZRDDNOZ/image-asset.png DNA Replication Telomerase extends the ends (telomeres) of the lagging strand. http://thebiologyprimer.com/gymnospermae daily 0.75 2013-10-28 http://thebiologyprimer.com/pinopsida daily 0.75 2013-10-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383058943438-I72KXFCTJAGJQ2J90LFA/Conifer_forest.jpg Pinopsida (Conifers) - Conifers are ubiquitous in northern lattitudes. Many are cone-shaped that allow snow to easily be shed. Photo: Eric Guinther 2004. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383058546391-E9DJEEVU1FLMTK401J6M/Pinus_contorta_28289.JPG Pinopsida (Conifers) - Fertilized seeds in conifers are borne in cones  Pinus contorta. Photo: Walter Siegmund. Source: Wikimedia Commons.   https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383058800112-OI74VCR0SBBAMFJJYGPK/768px-Pinus_contorta_subsp_murrayana_pollen_cones.jpg Pinopsida (Conifers) - Pollen (sperm) is borne on staminate male cones in conifers  Pinus contorta. Photo: M. Simmonson. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383059192890-1FH1HCRIOW3S4FXJC8ZX/C_lawsoniana_Lge.jpg Pinopsida (Conifers) - Cypress leaves are scaly Cypress lawsoniana. Photo: Josher8a 2012. Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383059321391-QXQ3GB7GOE8ZAMPNIL79/Douglas_fir_leaves_and_bud.jpg Pinopsida (Conifers) - Members of the family Pinaceae have linear leaves. Pseudotsuga menziesii. Photo: Magnus Manske 2008. Source: Wikimedia Commons.   http://thebiologyprimer.com/lab-primers/volume2 daily 0.75 2016-09-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1474682611033-KSN9PMB0DHCQ5QK7T7UC/image-asset.png The Biology Lab Primer: evolution and the diversity of life http://thebiologyprimer.com/embryophyceae daily 0.75 2013-10-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382633942649-B9UFVC2R9JL216SCPWMC/Untitled1.jpg Embryophyceae (Land Plants) The earliest embryophytes made the transition from water to land. This transition required three important morphological adaptations: the cuticle, guard cells, and spores. Photo: Lord of Konrad 2010. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382634037876-HGLSUHY9J9LIMGA95BXZ/Untitled.jpg Embryophyceae (Land Plants) Plant spores have an extremely hard outer coating to resist dehydration. Photo: Aerobicfox 2012. Source: Wikimedia Commons. http://thebiologyprimer.com/glaucophyta daily 0.75 2013-10-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382475183621-PMLYO95CCMMWHLUFVZCR/Glaucocystis_sp.jpg Glaucophyta (Glaucophyte Algae) Glaucophyta. Glaucocystis sp. Photo: NEON_ja 2007. Source: Wikimedia Commons. http://thebiologyprimer.com/charophyceae daily 0.75 2013-10-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382569503819-UYNQG4NKBMFQN8A9RN09/Untitled.png Charophyceae (Stoneworts) Close-up detail of a stoneworts alga, probably the species Chara virgata (Syn.: Chara delicatula; Characeae). Note the typical reproductive organs: male antheridia (red) and female archegonia (brown). Photo: Christian Fischer 2011. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382569791656-6R80U4VUBIWIF4T1DA1N/CharaHispida.jpg Charophyceae (Stoneworts) Stonewort, Chara hispida. Photo: Christian Fischer 2006. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382570117459-VHHGFNEC3RILC9AOCU5T/Chara1.jpg Charophyceae (Stoneworts) Submersed stoneworts (Chara vulgaris) in a shallow pond. Photo Panek 2007. Source: Wikimedia Commons. http://thebiologyprimer.com/polypodiopsida daily 0.75 2013-10-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382646416763-UU45KDWSI13VALS4471B/711px-Fern-frond-sori.jpg Polypodiopsida (True Ferns) - Sori of a fern Sori (spore-containing structures) can be seen on the underside of a frond of Polypodium vulgare. Photo: Petritap 2007. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382646532708-WBW01QAPVN9GX8QAZNEL/653px-Polypodium_vulgare.jpg Polypodiopsida (True Ferns) - Emerging frond of a fern. Polypodium vulgare. Photo: Hans Hillewaert 2007. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382646818057-RW8E5413JMXKZWHOAQXW/499_Polypodium_vulgare.jpg Polypodiopsida (True Ferns) - Illustration of Polypodium vulgare Illustration: Carl Axel Magnus Lindman 1917-1926. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382647856276-UMEVLVDQV30ZSN6MJPD4/Round_sori+%281%29.jpg Polypodiopsida (True Ferns) - Close up of sori with mature sporangia Photo Sanba38 2007. Source: Wikimedia Commons. http://thebiologyprimer.com/liliopsida daily 0.75 2013-10-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383077554122-5E3M4E5TB7A1627WOHTR/800px-LiliumBulbiferumCroceumBologna.jpg Liliopsida (Monocotyledons) - Monocots have flower parts in threes (usually six). Photo: Dennis Barthel 2007. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383066500924-8DTPT1B1O76W22P7M5BD/Botana_curus_monocot_stem_40%C3%97.png Liliopsida (Monocotyledons) - Vascular bundles (containing xylem and phloem) are scattered in monocot stems. Photo: Kelvin Song 2013. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383077395998-MTX3CRLD010KFWKUY48X/450px-Tulip_Leaves_AWL.JPG Liliopsida (Monocotyledons) - Monocot leaves typically have parallel venation. Photo: Drewboy 2009. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383077651171-CP722L8R2N2VS9XOZRWT/Trillium_with_the_leaves.jpg Liliopsida (Monocotyledons) - Monocots have flower parts in multiples of threes Photo: Bernard B. Ilarde 2008. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383077873906-ZKPN3BM3ZIKPAYZ24XXN/Palm_tree_trunk.JPG Liliopsida (Monocotyledons) - Cross section of a palm tree showing the scatter vascular bundles. Photo: Kadeve 2009. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383066346659-P91OVOYG8UDB99QXHF8L/Seedlings.gif Liliopsida (Monocotyledons) - Emerging monocotyledons with one seed leaf. GIF: Animaldetector. Source: Wikimedia Commons. http://thebiologyprimer.com/magnoliopsida daily 0.75 2013-10-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383064723448-ZC7Y4LLB99FY6LCML7NA/800px-Pitaya_%28seedling%29.jpg Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons) - Cacti are dicotyledons, emerging from two seed leaves (cotyledons)  Stenocereus sp. Photo: Grahsme Bowland 2011. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383064443738-LYBJL6B9ZCNJDF7E5RQY/Rosy_Periwinkle_flower.jpg Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons) - Dicotyledons have flower parts in fours or fives. Photo: HopeofLight 2013. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383064562517-B7P3UC33CUPRZ9WFOFWR/800px-Draba_longisiliqua_%28Cruciferae%29_flower.jpg Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons) - Dicotyledons have flower parts in fours or fives. Draba longisiliqua. Photo: Marcus Manske 2010. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383065839768-FYEYZF4DJ7XVEZRN4OAU/Untitled.png Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons) - Dicots have ringed vascular bundles (xylem & phloem) that form ringed structures (known as cambium) in woody species. Photo: Rolf-Dieter Mueller 2010. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1383077294094-IT6T2DBWO8HOOBE7E1N6/Leaf_Skeleton_negative_%28like_photogram%29.jpg Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons) - Dicotyledon leaves typically have branching venation. Photo: Robert D. Anderson 2006. Source: Wikimedia Commons. http://thebiologyprimer.com/the-origin-and-evolution-of-plants daily 0.75 2013-10-24 http://thebiologyprimer.com/cycadopsida daily 0.75 2013-10-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382996178365-QRE49DH14Y9WPOBYTAMU/Starr_080716-9529_Cycas_revoluta.jpg Cycadophyta The female plants of cycads produce seeds in megasporophylls (background) which are pollinated by male plants that emit pollen from cones (foreground). Cycas revoluta. Photo: Forest and Kim Star 2008. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382996711091-KC8OO9SDV16CQ7CTE87U/Cycas_platyphylla.jpg Cycadophyta Cycads typically live in moderately moist environments. Cycas platyphylla. Photo: tanetahi 2010. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382996882312-V5XJXT56MYKODOII8ADU/Cycas_platyphylla_Female_cone_1.jpg Cycadophyta Female megasporophylls contain the fertilized naked seeds borne from leaves. Cycas platyphylla. Photo: tanetahi 2010. Source: Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1382997072718-RI07UX8O9KDRZ1C1TFR7/Cycas_platyphylla_Male_cone_2.jpg Cycadophyta Male cones of cycads produce pollen (sperm). Cycas platyphylla. Photo: tanetahi 2010. Source: Wikimedia Commons. http://thebiologyprimer.com/hardy-weinberg daily 0.75 2013-10-23 http://thebiologyprimer.com/intro-to-biochemistry daily 0.75 2018-11-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1469906264425-RLF7WRMCOHK9O04TG24R/image-asset.png Atoms & Molecules: lab Figure 1. Various ways of representing an atom of the element, helium (He). a) Helium as represented on the periodic table. Helium has an atomic number of 2 (indicating it contains 2 protons and 2 electrons) and an atomic mass of 4. Using the formula, AM = protons + neutrons, to determine that helium has 2 neutrons. b) Helium as represented by the Bohr model of an atom. The protons and neutrons are represented in the middle of the atom, or nucleus. Helium has one electron orbital. You know this because it is in the first row, or period. The first period include H and He, and therefore only two electrons can occupy the first orbital. The outside orbital is known as the valence orbital, and the electrons of the valence orbital are known as valence electrons. Helium has two valence electrons. c) The electron dot diagram of helium. Also known as the Lewis dot diagram, the electron dot diagram is a simplification of the Bohr model, indicating only the number of valence electrons. Helium has two valence electrons, which is represented by a two dots. Since the inner orbital only can only hold two electrons, the valence orbital is said to be filled. This causes an atom of helium to be unreactive. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1469905429730-BN6RECBCNUC47W55DQDI/image-asset.png Atoms & Molecules: lab Figure 2. Various ways of representing an atom of the element, lithium. a) Lithium as represented on the periodic table. Lithium has an atomic number of 3 (indicating it contains 3 protons and three electrons) and an atomic mass of 6.94. Rounding the atomic mass to 7, you can determine that lithium has 4 neutrons. b) Lithium as represented by the Bohr model of an atom. The protons and neutrons are represented in the middle of the atom, or nucleus. Unlike helium, lithium has two electron orbitals. You know this because it is in the second row, or period. The inner orbitals must fill with electrons before outer orbitals acquire electrons. The number of possible electrons per orbital are equal to the number of elements within a period. The first period have two elements, and therefore only two electrons can occupy the first orbital. Lithium has three electrons. Therefore the first two electrons fill the first orbital and the remaining electron occupies the second orbital. The outside orbital is known as the valence orbital, and the electrons of the valence orbital are known as valence electrons. There are 8 elements in the second period indicating that the second orbital can hold up to 8 electrons. c) The electron dot diagram of lithium. Lithium has one valence electron, which is represented by a single dot. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1469997058208-UYJMC730BHHWDA0Y9YYG/image-asset.png Atoms & Molecules: lab Fig. 3. The Periodic Table of Elements. For this lab, we will only concentrate on the first three rows (or periods). Each period represents the number of electron orbitals an atom of an element has. For example, element 6, carbon (C) is in the second period indicating it has two orbitals. We can also determine how those electrons are arranged based on the element’s position on the periodic table. The number of electrons per orbital is equal to the number of elements within a period. The first period has two elements, indicating the first orbital can have up to two electrons. The second orbital can have up to eight. Electrons fill the inner orbitals before adding new orbitals. To determine the number of valence electrons (electrons in the outer orbital), you can simple count from left to right on the period the element is in. For example, carbon (C) has 6 electrons. It is in the second row, and therefore has two orbitals. Carbon's first two electrons are in the inner orbital and the last four are in the valence electron shell. If you count from left to right in period 2, carbon is the fourth element. This corresponds to the number of valence electrons that carbon has, four. Valence electrons are primarily responsible for an element’s chemical reactivity. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1469983865704-V7IG81RLU8U0ML8Z6UGN/image-asset.png Atoms & Molecules: lab Figure 4. Ionic bond between sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) to from sodium chloride, Na+Cl-. The loss of a negatively charged electron (e-) of a sodium atom creates a positively charged sodium cation (Na+), whereas the chlorine becomes a negatively charged anion (Cl-) due to the gain of an electron. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398356978783-EKLTOC4PSLUD58EH2KLZ/image-asset.gif Atoms & Molecules: lab Figure 5. Ionic bonding of NaF. Sodium (Na) gives up one electron to fluorine (F). Since Na lost one negatively charged electron (e-), it has a charge of +1 (-1 x -1 = +1). Fluorine has a charge of -1 since it gained an electron. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1469987253671-4L7A0Z2GWUE8EU1Q6ABZ/image-asset.png Atoms & Molecules: lab Figure 6. Lewis dot diagram of nitrogen. Nitrogen has five valence electrons. Two valence electrons will pair with each other and be unreactive in a covalent bond. The other three unpaired valence electrons will react with other atoms in a covalent bond. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1469990603974-NH9PO4MW0VP26X8XF8NQ/image-asset.png Atoms & Molecules: lab Figure 7. Using a Lewis dot diagram to visualize how water (H2O) is formed by covalent bonding. The two molecules of hydrogen have one reactive electron in their valence orbital and each share an electron with a single oxygen atom. Oxygen has six valence electrons, two pairs which are unreactive. The remaining two electrons react with the hydrogen atoms forming single covalent bonds between the oxygen atom and hydrogens. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1469991999747-BRYZW9HXAYK8VV1MC7M5/image-asset.png Atoms & Molecules: lab Figure 8. Skeletal structure of water. Single bonds, in which two electrons are shared between atoms are visualized as a single line between the atoms. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1469995878889-FHPD55Q9JLCOR6SED3XT/image-asset.png Atoms & Molecules: lab Figure 9. Lewis structure and skeletal structure of O2. a) The Lewis structure of O2. An oxygen atom has 6 valence electrons. In O2, two pairs of valence electrons are shared between the two atoms of oxygen, forming a double bond. In a Lewis structure, the double bond is visualized as four dots between the two oxygens. Each oxygen has two pairs of unreactive electrons, shown as dots that are not adjacent between the two atoms. b) The Skeletal structure of O2. O2 is typically visualized as a skeletal structure, with two Os connected by two lines, representing the double bond. Customarily the unreactive electron pairs are not shown. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1470001857762-ZGZZ2HV9U39W0NCIW0LH/image-asset.png Atoms & Molecules: lab Figure 10. Three dimensional structure of a water molecule. Water is a polar molecule, due to an uneven distribution of electron density. The oxygen in water has a partial negative charge (δ-) due the unequal sharing between the pairs of electrons of oxygen and hydrogen, with oxygen holding the shared electrons more than the hydrogen. In contrast, hydrogen has a partial positive charges (δ+). These partial charges within a water molecule are responsible for hydrogen bonding between water molecules and other molecules, as well. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1470002052382-MYUNBZ7SYH6EKG8BUBFG/image-asset.png Atoms & Molecules: lab Figure 11. Hydrogen bonding in liquid water. The electronegativity of a water molecule is responsible for the liquid nature of water. Hydrogen bonds form between adjacent O atoms and H atoms of different H20 molecules. These molecules readily form and detach. Liquid water molecules are randomly assorted and continually attaching and detaching, giving the property of liquid water a fluid state. Liquid water is much denser than ice, because its molecules are more compact (dense) than the crystalline lattice of ice. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1470002031240-246FLBWZZ1INJY81OX5Y/image-asset.png Atoms & Molecules: lab Figure 12. Hydrogen bonding in solid water, or ice. Ice is a solid at a molecular level because hydrogen bonds form among all the water molecules forming a lattice structure. This lattice structure (or crystalline structure) is more spread out than liquid water, due to the polarity (and bent shape) of the water molecule. Molecules that are more spread out generate substances that have lower density. This is why ice floats on water. http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-animals daily 0.75 2014-10-30 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-a-view-of-life daily 0.75 2014-01-17 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-inside-the-cell daily 0.75 2014-01-17 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-evolution-on-a-small-scale daily 0.75 2014-01-17 http://thebiologyprimer.com/documentary-asteroid-strike-cretaceous-tertiary-extinction daily 0.75 2014-09-16 http://thebiologyprimer.com/documentary-first-life-conquest daily 0.75 2026-01-28 http://thebiologyprimer.com/video-carbohydrates daily 0.75 2014-04-30 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-evolution-on-a-large-scale daily 0.75 2014-01-17 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-videos-animals daily 0.75 2014-01-18 http://thebiologyprimer.com/documentary-origin-of-earth daily 0.75 2014-09-16 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-a-view-of-life daily 0.75 2014-01-17 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-darwin-and-evolutoin daily 0.75 2014-01-17 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-green-algae-and-plants daily 0.75 2014-01-18 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-patterns-of-inheritance daily 0.75 2014-01-17 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-darwin-and-evolution daily 0.75 2014-01-17 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-the-cell-cycle daily 0.75 2014-01-17 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-evolution-on-a-small-scale daily 0.75 2014-01-17 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-transcription-rna-processing-and-translation daily 0.75 2014-01-29 http://thebiologyprimer.com/documentary-rise-of-animals-triumph-of-the-vertebrates daily 0.75 2021-09-21 http://thebiologyprimer.com/documentary-permian-triassic-extinction daily 0.75 2021-09-21 http://thebiologyprimer.com/diversity-of-life daily 0.75 2014-04-30 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-water-and-carbon-the-chemical-basis-of-life daily 0.75 2014-01-26 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-nucleic-acids-and-the-rna-world daily 0.75 2014-01-26 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-how-genes-work daily 0.75 2014-01-29 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-cellular-respiration-and-fermentation daily 0.75 2014-01-29 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-protein-structure-and-function daily 0.75 2014-01-26 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-inside-the-cell2 daily 0.75 2026-02-23 http://thebiologyprimer.com/microscopy-lab daily 0.75 2014-09-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398103956698-OVMYI194FOHJLA4EGHMG/image-asset.png Microscopy Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398105108394-2Y757JQP497SCD2KPUMV/image-asset.png Microscopy Lab Principle of immersion microscopy. At high magnification power, light waves refract off the glass in the microscope slide and slip cover. Immersion oil has a high refractive index, minimizing this refraction allowing light to enter the objective in a straight line. This increases resolution of the specimen. http://thebiologyprimer.com/dna-forensics-lab daily 0.75 2014-01-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1397673958933-5I6VGCWASQJPJF0KRAMH/Slide1.jpg DNA Forensics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1397672803831-4AEJIU09HGGBVKBNNEB0/Untitled.jpg DNA Forensics Lab http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-meiosis daily 0.75 2026-02-23 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-the-cell-cycle2010 daily 0.75 2026-02-23 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-mendel-and-the-gene daily 0.75 2014-02-03 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-lipids-membranes-and-the-first-cells daily 0.75 2026-02-23 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-lipids-membranes-and-the-first-cells daily 0.75 2014-01-29 http://thebiologyprimer.com/photosynthesis daily 0.75 2026-02-25 http://thebiologyprimer.com/beyond-mendel daily 0.75 2018-08-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406828763129-FZ06G3CE1ZIU5PDSM5A1/image-asset.png Beyond Mendel Meiosis explains Mendel's Principles of Segregation and Independent Assortment https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406829177372-LBPHXP0VCLTSUPVGYVBX/image-asset.jpeg Beyond Mendel Meiosis explains Mendel's Law of Segregation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406828985223-NFXQJE4T8FOPNIHODOEX/Untitled.png Beyond Mendel Meiosis explains Mendel's Principle of Independent Assortment https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406829565888-S8WJLUXTQCKUX4ISM9AP/image-asset.jpeg Beyond Mendel https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406829720021-P34F6K9Q6LNLGZ2DILBE/image-asset.png Beyond Mendel Results of Boveri and Sutton's discovery of the sex-linked gene for eye color on the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406830602591-K6ELDBWW633D3H5FTFP9/Untitled.png Beyond Mendel Genotype combinations responsible for eye color and body color phenotypes linked to the X chromosomes in Drosophila.   https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406830817939-Z4L8P72UIXAH8MC8M4PF/800px-Meiosis_main_steps.svg.png Beyond Mendel Crossing over in Meiosis explains Morgan's discovery of recombinant chromosomes. Steps in Meiosis - 1: Chromosome duplication; 2: pairing of homologous chromosomes; 3: crossing-over; 4: first division – one of each duplicated chromosome per daughter; 5: second division – one of each chromosome per daughter. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406831301055-X613Y3XHT2ELM4I0AJGT/Untitled.gif Beyond Mendel Phenotypes expressed by the i gene. i codes for a base polysaccharide, while iA and iB code for the base plus a sugar.   https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406831527838-9UMZGEQ613QX141OD4LA/image-asset.png Beyond Mendel Diagram of ABO blood groups and the antibodies present in each. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406831702925-LTQNVR3TLRNWX0IW60R4/Incomplete_dominance.svg.png Beyond Mendel Incomplete dominance in four-o’clocks.   http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-speciation daily 0.75 2014-02-03 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-dna-synthesis-and-repair daily 0.75 2026-02-23 http://thebiologyprimer.com/bsc2010 daily 0.75 2026-02-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1390486091498-BCKEWJ06OFJV000RE3AM/bio-lab_cover-ill_02+%281%29+copy.jpg Biology 1 - Class Website https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1534343965967-TG8VVMPQDANC4QK4L64H/Picture1.png Biology 1 - Class Website http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-photosynthesis daily 0.75 2026-02-23 http://thebiologyprimer.com/cell-cycle daily 0.75 2026-02-20 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-dna-synthesis-and-repair daily 0.75 2014-01-29 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-meiosis daily 0.75 2014-02-03 http://thebiologyprimer.com/mendeilian-genetics daily 0.75 2018-01-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406657524312-JWSD0MHJCM4H2OOYRA30/744px-Blending_inheritance.svg.png Mendelian Genetics: lab The blended inheritance hypothesis suggests that physical traits (or phenotypes) of offspring are an intermediate of the parents. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406657927726-X9N49SU9NNU3PMAEHA1C/image-asset.jpeg Mendelian Genetics: lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406659093076-7QN4U20T7XSI5T8QKT5U/image-asset.gif Mendelian Genetics: lab Cross pollinating pure lines. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406828096957-L9K8GMSV4ODRH87QMI0A/image-asset.jpeg Mendelian Genetics: lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406659578413-5GW5TJDO85K896BXZIRK/image-asset.jpeg Mendelian Genetics: lab Results of the F2 generation from Mendel's monohybrid cross. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406828433478-2GIEMIP13HYZA5E5DYTR/image-asset.png Mendelian Genetics: lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406658298187-0ZGKB38A9PLC9GC1ZBYM/image-asset.png Mendelian Genetics: lab Results from Mendel's experiments: segregation and independent assortment https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406828499824-Q47O7VQHJ67OSWKINZS0/image-asset.png Mendelian Genetics: lab Punnett square for Mendel's pea color. http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-photosynthesis daily 0.75 2014-01-29 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-mendel-and-the-gene daily 0.75 2026-02-23 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-cellular-respiration-and-fermentation daily 0.75 2026-02-23 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-evolution-by-natural-selection daily 0.75 2018-08-07 http://thebiologyprimer.com/bsc2011 daily 0.75 2026-02-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1534349004159-8GENQ51WB9ZRQXK4XNER/Picture2.png Biology 2 - Class Website http://thebiologyprimer.com/cell daily 0.75 2018-08-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1470599424621-FK8S7AETWLDKS7HWHCLL/image-asset.png Lab: The Cell https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1470586210787-HSFJB4DPR9R6N1EB999S/image-asset.png Lab: The Cell Figure 14. Epidermal onion cells under a microscope. Plant cells appear polygonal from the presence of a cell wall made of cellulose (and sometimes lignin), located just exterior of the cell membrane. The cell membrane and vacuole are typically difficult to view with this staining procedure. The vacuole is a large organelle that occupies most of the interior of the cell. An iodine stain allows the nucleus to be easily seen, typically as a orange-red structure in the middle of the cell. It is bound by a nuclear membrane. You may be able to detect the darker nucleolus within the nucleus. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406211198092-3TSZ6I94GUNT6M5Q2Q1W/Elodea_canadensis2_ies.jpg Lab: The Cell Figure 15. Elodea. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406212630765-401J9AZ2L2VGFL4X8IOY/Untitled.jpg Lab: The Cell Figure 16. Stained human cheek cells. Using this very simple staining procedure, we can easily identify some of the basic structures of an animal cell. Nuclei appear as small, dark elliptical structures within the cell. If you can isolate a single cell, it will be easy to detect the boundary of the cell, the cell membrane. Between the cell membrane and nucleus is a fluid, known as the cytoplasm. Within the cytoplasm are several organelles. However, it is difficult to determine which organelles these are with this staining procedure. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1470607522181-Z39WDG4GOIQ3AD52JDWI/image-asset.png Lab: The Cell Figure 17. Differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Gram positive https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398121225386-6X0NRYMLP52W6PIB4OCM/image-asset.jpeg Lab: The Cell Figure 18. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. An example of gram positive (purple cells) and gram negative (pink cells) following the Gram stain procedure. http://thebiologyprimer.com/lab-human-genetics daily 0.75 2014-02-03 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-transcription-rna-processing-and-translation daily 0.75 2026-02-23 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-how-genes-work daily 0.75 2026-02-23 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-evolution-by-natural-selection daily 0.75 2014-02-03 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-evolutionary-processes daily 0.75 2014-02-03 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-protists daily 0.75 2018-08-07 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-history-of-life daily 0.75 2014-02-03 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-fungi1 daily 0.75 2018-08-07 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-protists daily 0.75 2014-02-03 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-introduction-to-ecology daily 0.75 2018-08-07 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-population-ecology daily 0.75 2014-02-03 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-phylogenies daily 0.75 2014-02-03 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-deuterostomes daily 0.75 2014-02-03 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-bacteria-and-archaea daily 0.75 2014-02-03 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-community-ecology daily 0.75 2014-02-03 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-evolutionary-processes daily 0.75 2018-08-07 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-protostomes daily 0.75 2014-02-03 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-bacteria-and-archeae daily 0.75 2018-08-07 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-phylogenies-and-the-history-of-life daily 0.75 2018-08-07 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-green-algae-and-land-plants daily 0.75 2018-08-07 http://thebiologyprimer.com/documentary-snowball-earth daily 0.75 2014-09-16 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-protostome-animals daily 0.75 2018-08-07 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-introduction-to-animals daily 0.75 2014-02-03 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-introduction-to-ecology daily 0.75 2014-02-03 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-speciation daily 0.75 2018-08-07 http://thebiologyprimer.com/polytrichium daily 0.75 2014-02-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392927734918-1J65PW7U6NMYG8QSHVZA/800px-Moos.jpg Polytrichium - Polytricium in habitat https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392927794146-XS5J39PVJTA4TI6IKOKH/800px-Mossy-by-klara.jpg Polytrichium - Polytrichium reproductive structures https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392927912273-WJ0L2P9RGU5G64UA7ZE0/800px-Moos_5769.jpg Polytrichium - Polytricium in habitat http://thebiologyprimer.com/marchantia daily 0.75 2014-02-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392925006774-BKGOIOOK0RXJHGS8XE3H/120px-Brunnenlebermoos_Marchantia_polymorpha.jpg Marchantia - Marchantia polymorpha https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392925103431-YR79WHLYOW3J6USX03KH/800px-MarchantiophytaSp.NonD%C3%A9termin%C3%A9eFL2.jpg Marchantia - Marchantia in habitat https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392925146565-UCD5ZDBUOJ1I12AKTWIJ/800px-Alejandro_Selkirk_Island_-_Campos_de_Marchantia_by_001.jpg Marchantia - Marchantia in habitat http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-green-algae-and-land-plants daily 0.75 2014-02-03 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-fungi1 daily 0.75 2014-02-03 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-community-ecology daily 0.75 2018-08-07 http://thebiologyprimer.com/documentary-survival-of-earth daily 0.75 2014-09-16 http://thebiologyprimer.com/zamia daily 0.75 2014-02-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392928119291-2KO539U7Q886PO31KTUQ/450px-Zamia_fischeri1.jpg Zamia - Zamia reproductive structures https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392928152043-7OJBWZEZQIVSCA0TWLUM/450px-Zamia_fischeri2.jpg Zamia - Zamia fischeri https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392928190201-E7M8FVWUC1SO4WHXJCC7/800px-SeedPod-0678.jpg Zamia - Zamia reproductive structure http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-an-introduction-to-animals daily 0.75 2014-10-30 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-population-ecology daily 0.75 2018-08-07 http://thebiologyprimer.com/equisetum daily 0.75 2014-02-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392924469201-WYVMOWQ8KJEAOUGKIY7A/800px-Equisetum_hyemale_Cap_Tourmente_Qu%C3%A9bec.jpg Equisetum - Equisetum in habitat https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392924531334-IMP2200UGGNADG1P0WR0/445px-Equisetum_hyemale4.jpg Equisetum - Equisetrum hyemale https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392924575389-WO90BI9ZUE66IKPU4QIV/450px-Equisetum_hyemale_%28Equisetaceae%29.JPG Equisetum - Equisetum reproductive structure http://thebiologyprimer.com/liliium daily 0.75 2014-02-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392924771176-XRQOUCW0G91T7RNP89OT/439px-L.amabile_var.luteum.JPG Liliium - Lilium amabile https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392924697447-KX2T9TL0QLUBK0X5XJIO/800px-Lys_pousse_FR_2013.jpg Liliium - Lilium - Rosette of Leaves https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392924878642-CT65C3L5HCZJBMI7SOK0/796px-Lilium_candidum_MHNT.BOT.2011.18.27.jpg Liliium - Lilium reproductive structures http://thebiologyprimer.com/pinus daily 0.75 2014-02-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392925501658-BZC24U4MRKTXC9JZC7SB/673px-Pinus_longaeva_1.jpg Pinus - Pinus longaeva https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392925542918-NUWNRC5N0OPI8EUYRVDG/741px-Pinus_longaeva_13.jpg Pinus - Pinus longaeva https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392925593857-56S44W9K21KDPUNUA7MF/Pinus_pinea_Bayonne.jpg Pinus - Pinus pinea http://thebiologyprimer.com/polypodium daily 0.75 2014-02-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392925881440-2CYK9CBG2063N6T0UG1E/450px-Polypodium_virginianum_%285382723883%29.jpg Polypodium - Polypodium virginianum https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392925812482-J6RLU059AHVJUQRTVTZ5/416px-Fern-frond-sori.jpg Polypodium - Polypodium vulgare https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392925737156-RK3BMWBN2XHG2KDYM083/800px-Polypodium_amorphum_3965.JPG Polypodium - Polypodium amorphum https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392925948739-UV19K4OM2T3HNFVARXVJ/Round_sori.jpg Polypodium - Fern reproductive structures http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-deuterostome-animals daily 0.75 2018-08-07 http://thebiologyprimer.com/chara daily 0.75 2014-02-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392924267593-SMSDR9NQEKP1NC4H7V53/725px-Chara_braunii_1.JPG Chara - Chara braunii https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392924307269-U30CK53M9S82PLBSXPOS/698px-Chara_sp_reproductive_structure.JPG Chara - Chara reproductive structure https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392924346349-6C1UFCVL7AEU4P6I23B3/800px-Stonewort_meadow.jpg Chara - Chara in habitat http://thebiologyprimer.com/arabidopsis daily 0.75 2014-02-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392917323372-QFZMTXRMIB5OEZUN6J1E/800px-Arabidopsis_halleri_%28Kriech-Schaumkresse%29_IMG_7443.JPG Arabidopsis - Arabidopsis halleri https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392917391906-E3BZKXTNGB2VLR1LZC5W/800px-Arabis_neglecta_a1.jpg Arabidopsis - Arabidopsis neglecta https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1392917485220-Z9S86RKTR96Q2HXI2VA9/388px-Cardaminopsis_halleri_Atlas_Alpenflora.jpg Arabidopsis - Arabidopsis halleri http://thebiologyprimer.com/supergroup-excavata-group-euglenozoa daily 0.75 2014-03-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1395861078853-WLPHB6HTC67HC9Q6S6C5/image-asset.png Supergroup Excavata: Group Euglenozoa http://thebiologyprimer.com/the-origin-of-the-chloroplast daily 0.75 2014-03-27 http://thebiologyprimer.com/phylogenetics-bioinformatics daily 0.75 2013-10-23 http://thebiologyprimer.com/diplomonad daily 0.75 2014-03-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1395857607234-C7PFTXIRX7WCHFG874L7/image-asset.png Excavata: Metamonada: Diplomonad Giardia lambila is an intestinal parasite of humans and other mammals. It is a protist known as a diplomonad in the Supergroup Excavata, Subgroup Metamonada. This subgroup is defined by the presence of two nucleii, multiple flagella, and modified mitochondria that are not capable of undergoing the electron transport chain. There members of the Metamonada can grow in anaerobic (lacking oxygen) environments. Photo: Josef Reischig 2014. http://thebiologyprimer.com/the-origin-of-organelles daily 0.75 2014-03-27 http://thebiologyprimer.com/characteristics-of-eukaryotes daily 0.75 2014-03-27 http://thebiologyprimer.com/the-origin-of-the-mitochondrion daily 0.75 2014-03-27 http://thebiologyprimer.com/an-everchanging-understanding-of-eukarya daily 0.75 2014-03-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1395938036101-96BRSI1DY1DINSTPLNEM/image-asset.jpeg An Everchanging Understanding of Eukarya http://thebiologyprimer.com/diffusion-and-osmosis daily 0.75 2016-09-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1397677430961-9GAH1RKEOMBKFSBT4SL2/image-asset.gif The Cell Membrane: Passive and Active Transport Brownian Motion https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1397680141065-03YCZ00P5SPRL7YQY8TI/image-asset.gif The Cell Membrane: Passive and Active Transport Simple diffusion https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1397746090420-G75WNDQ1X2WUXEEI0DPP/image-asset.png The Cell Membrane: Passive and Active Transport https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1397746439787-F922AO31QO2UEBUUKROE/image-asset.png The Cell Membrane: Passive and Active Transport https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398101997499-W2O0PQX3JSGR0A3QGD2K/image-asset.png The Cell Membrane: Passive and Active Transport Endocytosis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398102343860-LZCXFNEFE6LA0Z4ZIYID/Exocytosis.png The Cell Membrane: Passive and Active Transport Exocytosis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398102605901-WIQG41EEWQVW5DC3RCHA/498px-Scheme_sodium-potassium_pump-en-2.svg.png The Cell Membrane: Passive and Active Transport Active transport: the sodium-potassium pump https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398102865205-K7BVUMC6P6LT688FPY4T/image-asset.png The Cell Membrane: Passive and Active Transport https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406216964223-EVFJWQ8HZGKDAANSB867/Untitled.jpg The Cell Membrane: Passive and Active Transport Osmotic conditions of cells. a) If cells lose more water than they absorb, they are in a hypertonic state. b) Cells that maintain an osmotic balance are isotonic. c) If a higher concentration of water is outside of the cell, the cell will absorb more water than it releases, creating a hypotonic state. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406217103549-SQ2OWE22YIB1C68GDDUH/image-asset.jpeg The Cell Membrane: Passive and Active Transport http://thebiologyprimer.com/video-brownian-motion-of-india-ink-in-milk daily 0.75 2014-02-25 http://thebiologyprimer.com/the-origin-of-the-nucleus daily 0.75 2014-03-27 http://thebiologyprimer.com/steps-of-cellular-respiration daily 0.75 2016-09-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398345724103-DPPWCR437ANP1POKHQ4J/image-asset.png Chapter: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398345949820-4YXOGRDJL5HU7JUUAMFT/Untitled-1.png Chapter: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398346402069-6B5X6R48B2DN9P54JOQJ/320px-Redox_Reminder.png Chapter: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398346646108-MN2W6MAKGB80T3TUWX3G/image-asset.png Chapter: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Steps of Cellular Respiration https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398348697957-HVXDUILLDZRFM9CWBCE1/image-asset.png Chapter: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398350660784-ICVUDUXAR2FAF7GWNJYJ/image-asset.png Chapter: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation The Citric Acid Cycle https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398351038701-45WOW5MBTXSPXDF9ZMHG/648px-Mitochondrial_electron_transport_chain%E2%80%94Etc4.svg.png Chapter: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation The electron transport chain in the mitochondrion is the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes. The NADH and succinate generated in the citric acid cycle are oxidized, providing energy to power ATP synthase. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398351169481-5L4ZF70UHFOB1NXYLWDL/image-asset.png Chapter: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Depiction of ATP synthase using the chemiosmotic proton gradient to power ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1398351286047-MG1GI4FEV8C96KFC2CRJ/512px-Ethanol_fermentation-1.svg.png Chapter: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Overview of ethanol fermentation. One glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvates (1). The energy from this exothermic reaction is used to bind inorganic phosphates to ADP and convert NAD+ to NADH. The two pyruvates are then broken down into two Acetaldehyde and give off two CO2 as a waste product (2). The two Acetaldehydes are then converted to two ethanol by using the H+ ions from NADH; converting NADH back into NAD+ (3). http://thebiologyprimer.com/bsc1005l daily 0.75 2016-10-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406823847063-WXO2UAW16JMOP0K9IFB5/bio-lab_cover-pond_03.jpg The Biology Lab Primer: Life in its Biological Environment https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1474727643656-OHV96KE6YCZRJNLDN35P/image-asset.png The Biology Lab Primer: Life in its Biological Environment http://thebiologyprimer.com/labquizzes daily 0.75 2014-07-21 http://thebiologyprimer.com/meiosis daily 0.75 2014-07-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406643347861-WXAPMK5D01XX4GUB6HMD/Three_cell_growth_types.png Meiosis Mitosis vs. Meiosis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406654583261-5IEP7ARHFMGL5FIO7H66/image-asset.png Meiosis Sexual Reproduction Life Cycle https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406583401783-BAKXJ97OHX2F6RYHC5I2/image-asset.png Meiosis Simplified overview of Meiosis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406641503191-47BTE943TDO3OFOAPG3A/image-asset.jpeg Meiosis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406654620685-GTG4C4V45XNFYCAVG1KX/Meiosis_%28261_24%29.jpg Meiosis Prophase I of Meiosis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406645225182-APLII7TNAARWSE8PJHHQ/51b0780fe4b05b167ed2bccb-abb0t-1370531715326-crossingover.jpeg Meiosis Crossing over during Late Prophase I of Meiosis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406654567055-HMGBHFIWEBLKX8W20FGZ/image-asset.png Meiosis Metaphase I of Meiosis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406654661093-LJLZ0QNAHWGJX7N963TQ/image-asset.png Meiosis Anaphase I of Meiosis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406654695346-3QLRF0GW199TNXN0W9O9/image-asset.png Meiosis Telophase I of Meiosis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406654727060-Y6LSUQ89NBSE7KJV1P7Z/image-asset.png Meiosis The end product of meiosis is four haploid cells. http://thebiologyprimer.com/diversityofmulticellularlife daily 0.75 2015-01-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421937460328-2PUKE2KZ9R193WJPFK01/Slide01.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421937460349-NCV9V6VLPODC3BAEDVQI/Slide02.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421937460450-4P4SUKW3ZHGO57DTSBSU/Slide03.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421937460520-4HFIKKFE96B8H4KTU3NM/Slide04.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421937460660-FA6EGYYT1V0MH81V6DNW/Slide05.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421937460620-DRYYWFOJL4SU5841PA7N/Slide06.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421937460730-1TJGA7ZAMO3XWNL5RL8O/Slide07.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421937460873-CKMLMXHA5TRD7010B9DD/Slide08.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421937460924-KZM2HOU4F1UGBQISLN62/Slide09.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421937460993-RAMKXNEQWKWR19EGK4UQ/Slide10.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421937461077-FSJJEWKC94H8ZYZZI5JN/Slide11.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421937461127-A7IWNOGPVUL3Z2FJCPOJ/Slide12.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421937461261-5ZZ9HJE5PDBALWI6HWWU/Slide13.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421937461287-6IDDGEVMTPYESSF9E1VE/Slide14.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421937461420-7CAJRSNCLU1EKU1OJGRJ/Slide15.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421937461489-P8QICC00JXVHACI22O05/Slide16.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421937461561-IXJ3P80O4M43G9ZIRQWI/Slide17.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421937461617-4SGYTAX7FKUKYW0BLLFF/Slide18.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421937461775-MU0FMOB3LF6JAU8QZ556/Slide19.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421937461771-CS2YGAG0EHV86MT6SS4E/Slide20.jpg Diversity of Multicellular Life http://thebiologyprimer.com/mitosis-meiosis daily 0.75 2014-07-29 http://thebiologyprimer.com/plantcommunityecology daily 0.75 2015-01-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421939446935-SMP4ZW7QBO7U94S99I1O/Untitled.png Plant Community Ecology https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421943405816-5PE2LPPA446MMMARH93V/Untitled.png Plant Community Ecology http://thebiologyprimer.com/new-page-1 daily 0.75 2021-09-21 http://thebiologyprimer.com/documentary-the-secret-of-life daily 0.75 2021-09-21 http://thebiologyprimer.com/taxonomy-and-classification daily 0.75 2015-01-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421788004284-KY6RJQDCBO71T6DGIC0Y/1.png Taxonomy and Classification https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421788014208-NMWOZEO63XJSA30QAW88/image-asset.png Taxonomy and Classification https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421788123389-D4J2S656KPQVS0T69IHC/Untitled.jpg Taxonomy and Classification https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421787873498-0C9UWJ9MVWSYY3UULPFF/4.png Taxonomy and Classification https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421788331328-YG5MC8UH21JI0RZRBG04/image-asset.png Taxonomy and Classification https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421788390278-UWXSWWD0AW0Y0AZXS7JG/Untitled.png Taxonomy and Classification https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421788420728-2WYZM9SUIY5L1NRSIJQS/image-asset.png Taxonomy and Classification https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421788956914-HUT88ROTTYZRKXVVG5F0/image-asset.png Taxonomy and Classification https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421789140935-D04M9KYGBWWVWGZ3EUPE/Untitled.png Taxonomy and Classification https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1421789846327-3Y7XQ07W8Y576ZKVC7EB/image-asset.png Taxonomy and Classification http://thebiologyprimer.com/nucleotides-proteins daily 0.75 2018-08-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1411055743418-K8ALTHADHH9YO0Q5JHMM/image-asset.png Lab: Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids and Proteins The enzyme sucrase hydrolyzes sucrose into the monosaccharides glucose and fructose https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1411055787721-5K062D5OXUWYRDGYJZ0D/Untitled-1.png Lab: Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids and Proteins http://thebiologyprimer.com/biomes daily 0.75 2015-03-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1425418943394-UMH2TSSPWZLH4UH3O7P1/image-asset.png Global Climate and Terrestrial Biomes Figure 1. Global variations in temperature are due to variations in the solar angle of incidence. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1425416413570-Q4XU4SATN90ZYN9GXN38/SolarGIS-Solar-map-World-map-en.png Global Climate and Terrestrial Biomes Figure 2. Variation in terrestrial average solar radiation is a function of latitude and elevation. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1425416970051-7YU96UGR0T2Z4OA4MMF8/image-asset.jpeg Global Climate and Terrestrial Biomes Figure 3. Average ocean temperatures decrease with increasing latitudes due to variation in the solar angle of incidence. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1425421355817-YK8WVM67TIGCCZ471ZOA/image-asset.jpeg Global Climate and Terrestrial Biomes Figure 4. Global averages of atmospheric water vapor, which correlates with average global temperature. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1425416875366-63MO7EJUQ0AUZKJOPBZA/1024px-Treecov.png Global Climate and Terrestrial Biomes Figure 5. Global tree cover is determined by precipitation patterns. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1425417203612-B0BVU9S4GXGSLCL6DJBH/image-asset.jpeg Global Climate and Terrestrial Biomes Figure 6. Global convection cells. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1425417599210-J6QLDHS3QZWERTVNWKJR/Corioliskraftanimation.gif Global Climate and Terrestrial Biomes Figure 6. The Coriolis Effect. In the inertial frame of reference (upper part of the picture), the black ball moves in a straight line. However, the observer (red dot) who is standing in the rotating/non-inertial frame of reference (lower part of the picture) sees the object as following a curved path due to the Coriolis and centrifugal forces present in this frame. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1425417791638-3QUS5ZZLIQ88TUSY371A/image-asset.png Global Climate and Terrestrial Biomes Figure 7. Global wind patterns are a function of atmospheric convection patterns and the Coriolis effect. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1425416649953-YEWMXJQTCG3R94BILJJJ/Earth_tilt_animation-1.gif Global Climate and Terrestrial Biomes Figure 8. Earth's axial tilt generates seasonality. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1425416778040-F5TDD4FOAQXSYFX9QYOE/1024px-Earth-lighting-winter-solstice_EN.png Global Climate and Terrestrial Biomes Figure 9. Northern winter solstice and southern summer solstice. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1425416218327-2KL36L0ND7Q4E5X5PHM7/MonthlyMeanT.gif Global Climate and Terrestrial Biomes Figure 10. Variation in solar radiation due to Earth's axial tile. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1425418524572-ZYNLUF300SF7J26MGFUB/image-asset.gif Global Climate and Terrestrial Biomes Figure 11. Variation in precipitation due to Earth axial tilt. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1425418346229-EMYUD3XUTTJ67E18ZPHB/image-asset.png Global Climate and Terrestrial Biomes Figure 12. Condensation and precipitation via adiabatic cooling. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1425418801619-NL5GF8FSHGOO7APFJUBX/image-asset.png Global Climate and Terrestrial Biomes Figure 11. The rain shadow effect creates some of the world’s driest deserts. http://thebiologyprimer.com/botany daily 0.75 2019-04-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1535650280092-QHWDXB0X19717R2M91BB/Picture1.png BOT1010 http://thebiologyprimer.com/html daily 0.75 2016-10-03 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-video-the-scientific-method daily 0.75 2018-01-15 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lectures daily 0.75 2025-08-22 http://thebiologyprimer.com/labprimer-botany daily 0.75 2016-09-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1474646475482-1L6LRSB5PM3D2MM51WZD/Untitled.png The Biology Lab Primer: Introduction to Botany https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1474646633180-70R6TJJGX3K1OKXAA8GR/image-asset.jpeg The Biology Lab Primer: Introduction to Botany http://thebiologyprimer.com/lab-the-scientific-method daily 0.75 2018-01-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1474911807221-PGKU453OI8PG1AN2NS81/image-asset.png The Scientific Method: lab Figure 1. The Scientific Method. Observations of the natural world lead to questions. Scientific questions generate hypotheses, many of which may be tested through controlled experimentation. Experimentation and analysis allows hypotheses to be falsified, which provide information (or conclusions). The process of scientific experimentation leads to more observations and questions. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1475086471517-TXF3TX5C2TAGBP7DZ8EP/image-asset.png The Scientific Method: lab Figure 2. Decision tree to determine which hypothesis is supported. Once you complete your statistical analysis. If your p value is greater than 0.05, there is an insignificant different between the columns of numbers you are comparing. In this study, it would indicate that the mean (or average) of the two groups (correct and incorrect) are not statistically different from each other. In this scenario, the conclusion would be that the results support the null hypothesis, and the conclusion would be "From this experiment, it can not be determined whether humans can or can not determine the color based on taste." Another way of thinking about this is that people correctly and incorrectly identified the color at approximately an equal rate. If the p value is less than 0.05, this indicates there is a significant difference between the number of Skittles correctly identified and incorrectly identified. This doesn't automatically indicate that people are more likely to correctly identify the color. The next step is to look at the means of the two groups of numbers. If the mean for correct is smaller than the mean for incorrect, this supports the alternative hypothesis, "Humans can not identify the color based on taste alone," indicating people get it wrong more often than they get it right. If the mean for correct is greater than the mean for incorrect, the other alternative hypothesis, "Humans can identify the color based on taste alone." https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1469735188287-G3JOJOMCG7P4QBMNWUKZ/Untitled.jpg The Scientific Method: lab Figure 3. An example of how to report your results on your lab report. Be sure to present your means with bar graphs, including the mean of each group, and write numbers indicating the scale that you used in on the y-a. Record the p value in the upper right corner. http://thebiologyprimer.com/html2 daily 0.75 2016-09-29 http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-the-scientific-method daily 0.75 2026-02-25 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-slides-the-scientific-method daily 0.75 2017-01-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181863366-JSUQC79QHU9S80Q0NLSP/Slide01.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181863363-TQH25LD1ZEI36UAXWOK2/Slide02.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181863827-TZPP6JYTS443N0XSH7RY/Slide03.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181864118-8WDWT2Q3Q7ZRPSWYEI4K/Slide04.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181864226-VONTOTEL3F3ZLFRG1RKY/Slide05.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181864710-8YZ65B2VS1FQF1U2WHW7/Slide06.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181864770-B4US0566JLX18KZ2J0F7/Slide07.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181864992-KM8FM5J6HUJKXUOY21G6/Slide08.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181865311-P7QFPY2IA8CK5WNVA775/Slide09.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181865583-FIIX6HIFT6EOBIUJJ7LC/Slide10.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181865646-6U5TCZJAMSQOMTF2AHVL/Slide11.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181866039-VVBDCI7BKOYJAXCXUWIW/Slide12.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181866044-6KJCZ878KDSOJNCOO2L9/Slide13.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181866517-RLJSRHUELI1XZ2JTQUO6/Slide14.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181866519-XBNK2NX81GP3NQS4TEDV/Slide15.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181867142-UV2VF0EHHOE9V69LSN5N/Slide16.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181867310-5FHBE62FKA1V8Y0EVG1C/Slide17.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181867912-1ZQQ3WG60UYGENM4E67R/Slide18.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181867875-I7149X9LL2RY6SR5YLD4/Slide19.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181868394-W6W1II6EAC3BVKG7VM1E/Slide20.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181868560-NA6B7NC4DTW2VUUEAYG0/Slide21.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181868825-N699MVBVYEJ8TXGXVWEM/Slide22.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181869747-1DI146JA4KU7MK0QJTUG/Slide23.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181869584-3ZW5SKJ277M11L6DPD36/Slide24.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181869855-557PALD3FQB0DRALIW8H/Slide25.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181870029-E7NJSNC6IBVQLM0IJFH3/Slide26.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181870231-ZC2LZMWB1N5697RRLYHW/Slide27.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181870791-VB8TWIJO7N0G7X11SQG9/Slide28.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181870902-XBWK6MPXK0N59EUDJ4HB/Slide29.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181871489-2YJU7GRQKNEQ4HFZAKUM/Slide30.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181871520-ZXMVX4XYN0TCYCZZYZ83/Slide31.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181871873-I97Y4W99EB9RPK8AD4EJ/Slide32.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181871925-QR9J7MLER28JH5T9EWUX/Slide33.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181872262-8U9OTSHDWJ5967LULVTY/Slide34.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181872651-LB56DWFHBTZZQ1DPLPC2/Slide35.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181872820-VN0YRD02EXD3H7JWSOLZ/Slide36.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181874271-OPH6T0JKQ5XG91K9IHTG/Slide37.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181874270-R62QSK9R43COMEEHX7WK/Slide38.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181875292-IHJIOY41BYFRP2YJRL1B/Slide39.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181875344-9DFFBRXYO2T7J6J3SKH9/Slide40.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181875675-W4YTT3EA5A1C47K1LG8T/Slide41.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181875732-JT71NI75XFGB2T13B875/Slide42.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181876061-F80TJ202PS02BOJCTFTE/Slide43.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181876164-58JS56MIITVL2JEK69RL/Slide44.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181876331-0CZSE4A9048B5UZSGPL5/Slide45.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181876726-4QGN2ZTA61XZGJSA2HE9/Slide46.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181876938-X4YH2CVMI8OP3RYKZPOF/Slide47.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181877376-TWQRQGZPS4K3O2AJFKCJ/Slide48.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181877315-6GRDFA5Q5Q1EUMZ6A0S8/Slide49.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181877691-NR8M7RCIP8CR3T35PV5P/Slide50.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181877747-6A5GNX2ZY7VPQ5MGSD5C/Slide51.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181878024-GUBZ6HHI64J5HS00O0ML/Slide52.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181878128-OZRHBFVLUHI98FZHGG18/Slide53.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181878639-D0QOAQM7S78ZIFZT075Y/Slide54.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181878642-I4F2PWLP1EAJJFNFIJOL/Slide55.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181879480-DB85XES3KBFEBFGYVLQ2/Slide56.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1485181879535-BZBYTKTEE9K21R259FS6/Slide57.jpg The Scientific Method: Slides http://thebiologyprimer.com/quiz-the-scientific-method daily 0.75 2016-10-14 http://thebiologyprimer.com/atoms-molecules-lecture-slides daily 0.75 2026-02-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480792306713-WBSUVW4ICQGXMWSOUJ5N/Slide01.jpg Lecture Slides: Atoms & Molecules 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https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480792345075-UCBSABBJEUTHZROXARLY/Slide44.jpg Lecture Slides: Atoms & Molecules https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480792347542-TY5OU92OUJMNEJLCE406/Slide45.jpg Lecture Slides: Atoms & Molecules https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480792347050-Z6XL7Q7YVFZZZCC8ZPC9/Slide46.jpg Lecture Slides: Atoms & Molecules https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480792348933-0H1DURIXENNNXWFA7YQ9/Slide47.jpg Lecture Slides: Atoms & Molecules https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480792349710-QP2ZWJOYBNSEHKX17NNZ/Slide48.jpg Lecture Slides: Atoms & Molecules https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480792352983-N7S167AYHYD2GTQLJZDG/Slide49.jpg Lecture Slides: Atoms & Molecules https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480792352714-D51A7JYJXLHULAGP64WX/Slide50.jpg Lecture Slides: Atoms & Molecules https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480792353476-9VWAF83JHU3LHEKV9UCT/Slide51.jpg Lecture Slides: Atoms & Molecules https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480792354969-2NJ97PGFCV7RNL2DK5U0/Slide52.jpg Lecture Slides: Atoms & Molecules https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480792354570-GZWN9978B2N0SW0YBF8Y/Slide53.jpg Lecture Slides: Atoms & Molecules https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480792356715-S5609RK03L418A5H5FU8/Slide54.jpg Lecture Slides: Atoms & Molecules http://thebiologyprimer.com/atoms-and-molecules daily 0.75 2026-02-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480796000827-L772BYYF0J5ZJXPVY2LL/Untitled.png Chapter: Atoms & Molecules Figure 1. Atoms are the fundamental unit of matter and composed of three subatomic particle: protons, neutrons and electrons. Most of the mass of an atom is within the nucleus, containing the positively charged protons and neutrally charged neutrons. Negatively charged electrons orbit the nucleus, and are responsible for chemical bonding. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480951435975-PYCOR6QVI9S57SH25XH1/image-asset.png Chapter: Atoms & Molecules Figure 2. Periodic Table of Elements. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480799461981-4KE6SFPW0HH65KDIDDTJ/image-asset.png Chapter: Atoms & Molecules Figure 3. Calculating subatomic particles. The atomic number represents the number of protons of an element and the number of electrons when the atom is not in a chemical bond. Neutrons of the most common isotopes can be calculated using the atomic mass. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480906230815-SGFXSZ8Y0LZ6HG88RPZ6/image-asset.png Chapter: Atoms & Molecules Figure 4 Isotopes of lithium. While elements are defined by the number of protons, elements can vary in the number of neutrons. In this example, lithium-6 has 3 neutrons and lithium-7 has 4 neutrons. Both isotopes have three electrons in a neutral state with two non-reactive electrons in the inner shell, and one reactive electron in the valence shell. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480821267105-BVHYPTTK16VPKMF5F7O6/Untitled.png Chapter: Atoms & Molecules Figure 5. Rutherford-Bohr model of a hydrogen atom. An electron orbits a proton in a discrete orbit. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480823141965-5PKWGKI3GQE7HKP1GRBI/Untitled.png Chapter: Atoms & Molecules Figure 6. Modified Bohr model of the atom for atoms in the first three periods. Electrons orbit the nucleus in discrete orbits. Each period represents the number of electron shells an atom of an element has. Electrons are arranged based on the element’s position on the periodic table. Electrons fill the inner shells first as they are lower energy, then add to outer shells.The outer shell, the valence shell houses the valence electrons, which are primarily responsible for an element’s chemical reactivity. The first three shells can hold 2, 8 and 8 electrons, respectively. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480952100303-NTJS3H8IPN00LI4UNM7G/image-asset.png Chapter: Atoms & Molecules Figure 7. Modified Rutherford-Bohr model of carbon-12. Carbon-12 is the most common isotope of carbon with six protons, six neutrons and 6 electrons (two in the innermost electron shell and four valence electrons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480862919656-8UULO493AY0YNMT2A3SN/image-asset.png Chapter: Atoms & Molecules Figure 8. Electron cloud model for the 1s orbital. Rather than the electrons orbiting the nucleus at a discrete radius predicted by the Bohr model, the atomic orbital model predicts electrons are located somewhere within high probability areas (known as orbitals) surrounding the nucleus. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480903336361-GKK2HCZFTTPEZUZEGA05/tumblr_muq0m7ysZ01sjwwzso1_500.gif Chapter: Atoms & Molecules Figure 9. Ionic bonding in sodium chloride (NaCl). Sodium with one valence electron has a low electronegativity and donates its electron to a neighboring chlorine, an element with high electronegativity. With the loss of an electron sodium has a +1 charge and becomes a cation, and chlorine has a -1 charge and becomes an anion. The differential in these charges forms an strong electromagnetic attraction between the ions, known as an ionic bond. Source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480903052665-2605I5CVO1KN5I83K0FX/giphy.gif Chapter: Atoms & Molecules Figure 10. Covalent bonding of between two hydrogens. Source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480918187467-QFSBELMF6QT0WAS441DB/Untitled.png Chapter: Atoms & Molecules Figure 11. Lewis dot structures for boron, carbon and nitrogen. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480909841874-XUYJ72RQTH12T414LIVT/image-asset.png Chapter: Atoms & Molecules Figure 12. Lewis and skeletal structures of non-polar molecules: methane and molecular oxygen. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480912426638-OD3IP4Z0AOX0WB4SUOFM/image-asset.png Chapter: Atoms & Molecules Figure 13. Polarity in water. Oxygen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen causing it to retain shared electrons more, giving oxygen a partially negative charge and hydrogen a partially positive charge. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480918553193-1MQOJID8LFFO1IB26XC8/Wasserstoffbru%CC%88ckenbindungen-Wasser.svg.png Chapter: Atoms & Molecules Figure 14. Hydrogen bonding in water. Hydrogen bonds occur between the partially positive charges of hydrogen and a partially negative oxygen of an adjacent atom, shown here as dashed lines. Media source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480880849421-EBMBC8TPTQJMTYBJI7Y5/Untitled.png Chapter: Atoms & Molecules Figure 15. States of water. Water vapor is gaseous water molecules nearly devoid of hydrogen bonding. Water is liquid due to the constant formaing and breaking of hydrogen bonding (blue dashed lines) among neighboring molecules. Ice forms when all potential hydrogen bonds are formed among neighboring molecules. Due to the water bent structure, ice molecules are more spread out relative to liquid water, causing it to be less dense. Media source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480914991579-S1V0SMF7H9RBQ4O0RXFU/image-asset.png Chapter: Atoms & Molecules Figure 16. Water has high heat capacity.. Relative to land, water's high heat of vaporization allows it to absorb more energy causing air temperatures above water to be cooler. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480915725024-T65BFRBOBEUKD0F1RYUA/image-asset.png Chapter: Atoms & Molecules Figure 17. Water as a solvent. Water's partial charges interact with ionic compounds (i.e. NaCl) and partial charges of polar molecules. Water can disassociate atoms in ionic molecules, and the partial charges form a stable structure surround the ions, known as a sphere of hydration. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480917585633-5Q1BFSW3NY926A0B28G1/image-asset.png Chapter: Atoms & Molecules Figure 18. Insects can walk on water due its cohesive property. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1480918037320-VME7Y3QXF6DO823327N0/image-asset.png Chapter: Atoms & Molecules Figure 19. Skeletal structures of hexane and benzene. http://thebiologyprimer.com/atoms-molecules-study-guide daily 0.75 2026-02-24 http://thebiologyprimer.com/atoms-molecules-practice-quiz daily 0.75 2016-11-28 http://thebiologyprimer.com/plant-reproduction daily 0.75 2016-11-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1478186837321-BUTFWXH022QTRLLTL05I/image-asset.jpeg Plant Reproduction Asexual Reproduction https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1478186208283-TMLBS13CSA4C7FCN5IO9/image-asset.jpeg Plant Reproduction Conjugation in green algae https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1478185931176-2JGOIXCEA005D9DQLP56/735px-Alternation_of_generations_simpler.svg.png Plant Reproduction Alternation of generations https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1478184840827-OYBLHMD4G5AY8LB1ZS8U/image-asset.jpeg Plant Reproduction https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1478185643766-YXMNHLODT8RKRLTRQ2A3/image-asset.jpeg Plant Reproduction https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1478186679289-YCNBU3AJUM8G8BO60ZQF/image-asset.png Plant Reproduction Gymnosperm life cycle https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1478185174470-NL7PR4PBZGNUK42G74JL/Angiosperm_life_cycle_diagram-en.svg.png Plant Reproduction Angiosperm life cycle http://thebiologyprimer.com/atoms-and-molecules-lecture-video daily 0.75 2026-02-24 http://thebiologyprimer.com/the-central-dogma-lecture-video daily 0.75 2026-02-24 http://thebiologyprimer.com/the-central-dogma-study-guide daily 0.75 2026-02-24 http://thebiologyprimer.com/the-central-dogma-lecture-slides daily 0.75 2026-02-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1506010607292-H4O3FBBN00W3Y7BU9KGD/Slide01.png Lecture Slides: The Central Dogma 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https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1506010621830-VO1MSA9YEYJEWGIVRSMG/Slide32.png Lecture Slides: The Central Dogma http://thebiologyprimer.com/the-central-dogma-echapter daily 0.75 2018-08-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1500308822382-ES8HRCIJHRTUT5N3Y82B/image-asset.png Chapter: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Figure 1. The central dogma of molecular biology. Coined by Francis Crick, the central dogma of biology states that DNA codes for the production of proteins, though indirectly through an intermediary molecule, RNA. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1500313465505-UX3RSPXGUNHAUZMZ2F2V/Picture2.png Chapter: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Figure 2. Printing a paper as a metaphor for the central dogma. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1500314754149-QR7KTC2SOW6FUL970RHT/image-asset.png Chapter: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Figure 3. Nucleic acids are polymers made of a chain of nucleotide monomers. Each nucleotide is composed of a phosphate (P), sugar (S) and a nitrogenous base (NB). Ribonucleotides have the sugar ribose, whereas deoxyribonucleotides have deoxyribose. The nitrogenous bases for ribonucleotides are adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C) and guanine (G), whereas deoxyribonucleotides have the nitrogenous based A, C, G and thymine (T). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1502989303233-EOA82U9IWG4QWXW3JUV8/Picture1.png Chapter: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Figure 4. Skeletal structure of nucleotides. Nucleotides are composed of three molecular components: a phosphate, a sugar and a nitrogenous base. Living organisms contain both deoxyribonucleotides (which combine to form DNA) and ribonucleotides (forming RNA). Deoxyribonucleotides contain the sugar deoxyribose, where as ribonucleotides contain the sugar ribose. These sugars are identical, except the presence of an oxygen on the 2' carbon in ribose. Deoxyribonucleotides have one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine or guanine. Ribonucleotides have the nitrogenous bases: adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1502989868054-2R3XP70BW705EBXF0KIE/image-asset.png Chapter: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Figure 5. Phosphodiester bond. The phosphodiester bond between two nucleotides is a covalent bond between the 3' carbon of one sugar and the phosphate of an additional sugar. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1502993807408-DOQHFP84H6UBJF0VQ36O/image-asset.png Chapter: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Figure 6. RNA. Nucleic acids are polymers composed of a single strand (as in RNA) or two strands (DNA) of nucleotides connected by phosphodiester bonds. The repeating pattern of connected phosphate groups (P) and sugars (R) connected form the phosphodiester backbone, while the nitrogenous bases (A, U, C, and G in the case of RNA) hang off the side. One side of the strand of the nucleic acid is bounded by a phosphate group (denoted the 5' end) and a sugar group is located on the opposite end (denoted 3'). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1502995841676-O8QNNPMKUIQBY5QFL3XF/image-asset.png Chapter: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Figure 7. Chargaff's discovery. Erwin Chargaff discovered that the abundance of of cytosine and guanine are equal to each other & the abundance of adenine and thymine are equal within an organism. He found these results consistent across several species, and lead James Watson and Francis Crick to hypothesize DNA base pairing hypothesis. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1503062089973-YI2TELXKAPWINCRW5X78/Picture1.png Chapter: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Figure 8. X-ray crystallography revealed DNA's molecular shape. Rosiland Franklin, working with Maurice Wilkins developed techniques to produce an image that revealed that DNA has a consistent width, a repeating pattern of nucleotides and is helical. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1503063462164-RSVA7XEL5RF41GBB70J7/Picture1.png Chapter: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Figure 9. Secondary structure of DNA. James Watson and Francis Crick uncovered the secondary structure of DNA. 1) DNA is double stranded. 2) The strands are antiparallel. 3) The strands are held together by base pairing of hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases, where adenine binds with thymine and cytosine binds with guanine. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1503595201054-AZL9Q5I0DFMQ1X4KQNBI/Picture1.png Chapter: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Figure 10. Base pairing in DNA. Deoxyribonucleotides connect to adjacent deoxyribonucleotides based on complementary base pairing. DNA strands connect via hydrogen bonds. Adenine and thymine form two hydrogen bonds. Guanine and cytosine bind with three hydrogen bonds. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1503596665862-LIECLFT28J60FEB518SM/Picture1.png Chapter: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Figure 11. Primary structure of an amino acid. An amino acid is composed of an amine group, a central carbon, a carboxyl group and an R-group. R-groups vary from amino acid to amino acid. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1503597766021-UL7TIAO6WXPDBQZEB7X9/Picture1.png Chapter: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Figure 12. A polypeptide is composed of several amino acids connected by peptide bonds. Note: on one end of the polypeptide is an amine group, whereas a carboxyl group is on the opposite end. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1504098550785-X32ZNEUYUPA273FKGR46/Picture1.png Chapter: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Figure 13. Sickle cell anemia is caused by an alteration of hemoglobin's primary structure. An alteration in a single deoxyribonucleotide alters the transcribed mRNA. This alters one amino acid in the protein, hemoglobin (responsible for binding to oxygen), creating a sickle-shaped red blood cell. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1504098336897-CS6YTBN6AJ4JXG8FXNYO/Picture1.png Chapter: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Figure 14. Geographical distribution of sickle cell anemia and malaria. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1504098169282-20RYZU72SASWUJXVF3UU/Picture1.png Chapter: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Figure 15. Primary and secondary structure of proteins. A protein's primary structure is the sequence of amino acids. Secondary structure is created by repeating molecular interactions between the carboxyl and amino groups, forming either alpha-helices or beta-pleated sheets. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1504101050255-KVVUEAEJ0VFCXI95SKC5/Picture1.png Chapter: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Figure 16. Hydrogen bonding between amino and carboxyl groups determine a protein's secondary structure. Alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets emerge as hydrogen bonding occurs between the partially negative oxygens of the carboxyl groups and partially negative hydrogens of the amine groups. In alpha-helices, the carboxyl oxygen faces the opposite direction relative to the amine hydrogen within a single amino acid. Along the polypeptide, all the amine hydrogens face the same direction. Carboxyl oxygens all face the opposite direction. In beta-pleated sheets, the carboxyl oxygen and amine hydrogen within a single amino acid, face the same directions. Oxygens and hydrogens of adjacent amino acids face in opposite directions. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1504102279565-YQLCYJJWEXKR1DQZFDVZ/Picture1.png Chapter: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Figure 17. Tertiary structure of proteins. a) Tertiary structure is affected by how R-groups interact with each other and water. b) Some R-groups are either polar or non-polar. Partially negative atoms (O & N) of polar R-groups form hydrogen bonds with partially positive hydrogens of neighboring R-groups. c) Polar R-groups are hydrophillic, bending towards water. Whereas, non-polar R-groups are hydrophobic and bend away from water. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1504102639939-YTFXVKWCK0J3GRHKJXO9/Picture1.png Chapter: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Figure 18. Quaternary structure of a protein. http://thebiologyprimer.com/mendel daily 0.75 2018-01-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1512064192293-QCV5BBX2OKNRTU89TABK/Picture1.png Mendel and the gene: e-chapter https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1511808908118-4WIJZZ43GC06S5HJ0MVE/Picture1.png Mendel and the gene: e-chapter Figure 1. Self-pollination produces pure lines. Mendel completed a controlled self-pollination to produce true-breeding plants, which exhibited identical phenotypes (or physical characteristics) as the parent. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1511809522685-MSFL2KP32330W3AJ8OTS/Picture1.png Mendel and the gene: e-chapter Figure 2. Mendel's results did not support blending inheritance. Rather than getting intermediate phenotypes in the F1 generation, Mendel discovered that one of the original phenotypes from the P generation was present. This discovery led to his Principle of Dominance. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1511810496422-8KTSY5LU4WFC4ITI0MXU/Picture1.png Mendel and the gene: e-chapter Figure 3. Principle of Dominance. A phenotype of an individual is determined by the combination of alleles, known as genotype. During fertilization, gametes carry exactly one allele from each parent. If both alleles are the same (homozygous), that specific phenotype is expressed. If an organism has one of each allele (heterozygous), the organism expresses the dominant characteristic. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1511888373600-29F5SK2VZGM930YY3AZF/Picture1.png Mendel and the gene: e-chapter Figure 4. Phenotypic expressions of Mendel's experiment. Seeds resultant from self-pollination were grown out producing pure lines of the P generation. Cross-pollination of the P generation produced the F1 generation (hybrids) which expressed round seeds, indicating round as the dominant phenotype and wrinkly as the recessive phenotype. F1 plants were crossed producing the F2 generation, in which approximately 3 dominant phenotypes were expressed for every recessive. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1511893348727-F3D9DPUKWX3AONRQJ7K1/Picture1.png Mendel and the gene: e-chapter Figure 5. Punnett square of P generation cross. FF X ff produces the F2 generation. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1511893317360-IWEGO0CV6SR7YUAERFJP/Picture1.png Mendel and the gene: e-chapter Figure 6. Punnett square of a monohybrid cross. Ff X Ff produces the F2 generation. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1511900242046-GHMPNU9CBP45RHO6370I/Picture1.png Mendel and the gene: e-chapter Figure 7. Principle of Segregation. Mendel discovered organisms have two copies of a gene (but potentially different alleles, as is the case with heterozygotes (Aa). In the production of gametes, each gamete receives exactly one copy of a gene, at random. During fertilization, gametes fuse at random producing a new organism. The Principle of Segregation explains Mendel's 3 dominant: 1 recessive ratio in the F2 generation. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1511903279483-RZ5B9P63TNQF4DOH1WA8/Picture1.png Mendel and the gene: e-chapter Figure 8. Prediction of dependent assortment. In a dihybrid cross (FfSs X FfSs), the dependent assortment predicts the F and the S alleles are physically linked, and the f and the s alleles are linked. When a dihybrid cross is conducted, dependent assortment predicts offspring with a phenotypic ratio of 3 purple-flower/yellow-seed: 1 white-flower/green-seed. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1511903337714-0OJ8K0DMPU8MDR63QUOY/Picture1.png Mendel and the gene: e-chapter Figure 9. Prediction of independent assortment. Independent assortment predicts the alleles are not physically linked. All combinations are possible: FS, Fs, fS, and fs. When a dihybrid cross is conducted, independent assortment predicts offspring with a phenotypic ratio of 9 purple-flower/yellow-seed: 3 purple-flower/green-seed: 9 white-flower/yellow-seed: 1 white-flower/green-seed. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1512062726350-GW7S6R6XELNW9TKHUH8V/Picture1.png Mendel and the gene: e-chapter Figure 10. Pedigree analysis. Understanding Mendelians genetics is a useful tool for deconstructing genotypes and phenotypes in a family history. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1512063307019-EDNOIWGRJYTEXX8Y90DG/Picture1.png Mendel and the gene: e-chapter Figure 11. Darwin's pangenesis inheritance hypothesis. Darwin believed gametes received 'gemmules' from each organ of the body. This belief incorporated concepts of blending inheritance and Lamarck's inheritance of acquired characteristics, which were contradictory to Mendel's particulate hypothesis. http://thebiologyprimer.com/mendel-and-the-gene-lecture-video daily 0.75 2018-01-24 http://thebiologyprimer.com/mendel-and-the-gene-study-guide daily 0.75 2026-02-25 http://thebiologyprimer.com/mendel-and-the-gene-lecture-slides daily 0.75 2026-02-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1516827226374-GRCE19TXHT2NFN6UP42R/Slide01.png Lecture Slides: Mendel and the Gene https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1516827225982-VH8JV4XRHHX3PCN1LO65/Slide02.png Lecture Slides: Mendel and the Gene https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1516827228363-26VDC3L89531LWZCVGON/Slide03.png Lecture Slides: Mendel and the Gene 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http://thebiologyprimer.com/echapter-beyond-mendel daily 0.75 2026-02-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1524685214593-70MWDDGG92DUG4UJPKH1/medne.png Chapter: Beyond Mendel Figure 1. Gregor Mendel's 1866 publication. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1524685659913-08K95T9ZOL0JKZHWXVDO/2.png Chapter: Beyond Mendel Figure 2. Carl Correns and Hugo de Vries rediscovered Mendelian's principles. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1524686770396-4A5CNCJIRCIGBT7ZQ753/3.png Chapter: Beyond Mendel Figure 3. Walter Sutton discovered the importance of chromosomes in explaining Mendel's principles of segregation and independent assortment. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1524687541487-6OZHNL25EM34H7TLLHBS/4.png Chapter: Beyond Mendel Figure 4. Meiosis explains the principle of segregation. Each gamete resultant from meiosis has an equal probability of acquiring one or another homologous chromosome, for each homologous chromosome pair. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1524755175275-3CPVBLSPL8ZR446YKE5O/6.png Chapter: Beyond Mendel Figure 5. Meiosis explains independent assortment. If alleles are on different chromosomes, there is an equal probability of acquiring any allele combination in dihybrids (i.e. FfSs). This explains the 9:3:3:1 ratio discovered by Correns and Mendel. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1525105685804-9GGZPG4VN0UF55UUDDKX/1.png Chapter: Beyond Mendel Figure 6. Meiosis in humans. Human body cells (or somatic cells) contain 46 chromosomes, which occur in pairs (diploid). During fertilization, 23 chromosomes come from the mother and 23 from the father. Each chromosome from one parent has a similar chromosome from the other, known as homologous chromosomes. During meiosis, the homologous chromosomes in a somatic cell split eventually forming a gamete with half the number of chromosomes (haploid). Each gamete has an equal probability of acquiring either homologous chromosome, known as independent assortment. In this manner, humans can produce 2^23 different possible gametes. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1525110682144-FQXP3J5V8MPJT2HL6HW1/2.png Chapter: Beyond Mendel Figure 7. Fernandus Payne and Thomas Hunt Morgan. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1525111866803-ZXRMFRFLVAEJGJDX1Y3R/3.png Chapter: Beyond Mendel Figure 8. When Morgan crossed a red-eyed male with a white-eyed female, he didn't get one or the other eye color predicted by the principle of dominance. Rather all the male progeny had white eyes and the females had red eyes, the opposite of their parents. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1525112654688-5HKPGN0468SYH5T9W4MP/2.png Chapter: Beyond Mendel Figure 9. Expected phenotypic ratio of XEXe x XEY, assuming eye color is sex-linked. 2 red-eyed females : 1 red-eyed male : 1 white-eyed male. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1525113119742-N8R3KURULWHOIZLR6JZ7/3.png Chapter: Beyond Mendel Figure 10. Expected phenotypic ratio of a cross between a white-eyed female and a red-eyed male. 1 red-eyed female : 1 white-eyed male. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1525120173027-LLO4OW5VOCVDOJT3PCSN/2.png Chapter: Beyond Mendel Figure 11. Possible genotype and phenotype combinations of eye and body color. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1525121245929-FHAG8NMKPS8655OUJW67/3.png Chapter: Beyond Mendel Figure 12. Expected phenotypic ratio of XBEXbe x XbeY supporting gene linkage. Removing sex from the ratio, the expected phenotypic ratio supporting gene linkage is 1 red/grey : 1 white/yellow. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1525122571648-9CMD11BW21M33MQL30P7/2.png Chapter: Beyond Mendel Figure 13. Expected phenotypic ratio of XBEXbe x XbeY supporting independent assortment. Removing sex from the ratio, the expected phenotypic ratio supporting independent assortment is 1 red/grey : 1 white/grey : 1 red/yellow : 1 white yellow. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1525273858052-76XZLULZE53GYKQBEMFQ/Picture1.png Chapter: Beyond Mendel Figure 14. Results from Morgan's cross XBEXbe x XbeY. Morgan's results didn't support either alternative hypothesis leading him to conclude that chromosomes typically segregate in whole, supporting gene linkage, but occasionally homologous chromosomes are recombined in a process known as crossing over, creating recombinant chromosomes. w https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1525278452085-T0G768EHGZJSJFBGPB1T/Picture1.png Chapter: Beyond Mendel Figure 15. Incomplete dominance. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1525278861554-4BIIQIZS7XJ4H5Z5CJVI/Picture1.png Chapter: Beyond Mendel Figure 16. Codominance in human blood type. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1525281540192-7PFOI9AE0LIQ7KIHDQXN/Picture1.png Chapter: Beyond Mendel Figure 17. Human skin color is expressed on a continuum as a result of polygenic inheritance. In lower latitudes, selection pressures promote darker skin to protect from cellular damage from UV exposure. Lighter skin promotes higher vitamin D production, essential in the more northern latitudes. http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecturevideo-beyondmendel daily 0.75 2018-07-09 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-slides-beyond-mendel daily 0.75 2018-08-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1534439491383-GVOLWGR8GRRGC15WWJ95/Slide01.png Lecture Slides: Beyond Mendel https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1534439491327-2VTFVGF0VRIFZQPBDZ7B/Slide02.png Lecture Slides: Beyond Mendel https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1534439492805-8E7V0BYNHRPS5C916CLS/Slide03.png Lecture Slides: Beyond Mendel https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1534439492566-H04CA2P9PCC40ZHM2HDU/Slide04.png Lecture Slides: Beyond Mendel https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1534439494147-ZO5OQXI2F4CEGDVVVX31/Slide05.png Lecture Slides: Beyond Mendel 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https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533650832016-4JSG0ZHJJZF1MT0Z8RNF/Slide41.png Lecture slides: The Genetic Code https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533650832223-3CCGT8M0C38PQ69COVIU/Slide42.png Lecture slides: The Genetic Code https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533650832524-6DIQAUDPCP7KRBAGC677/Slide43.png Lecture slides: The Genetic Code https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533650832946-4TCHUJ5UYZRWMR0WSWTR/Slide44.png Lecture slides: The Genetic Code https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533650833106-4I88VPHN02KBPL10W9WK/Slide45.png Lecture slides: The Genetic Code http://thebiologyprimer.com/chapter-transcription-translation daily 0.75 2018-08-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533131113081-4Q921GDMF0MW07F1P9OS/Slide01.png Chapter: Transcription & Translation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533231358404-7SC4XSV0AUKN12B0092N/Aminoacids_table.svg.png Chapter: Transcription & Translation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533131228000-B2JPH2KUUGNJXVB1OITR/Slide03.png Chapter: Transcription & Translation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533132067696-O3TOJXMXW6JPOJBDOS4P/Slide05.png Chapter: Transcription & Translation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533132067698-JOSHV8TF2DRRVTGWQ57D/Slide06.png Chapter: Transcription & Translation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533132068362-PEG2W597F7K51I9FVLZV/Slide07.png Chapter: Transcription & Translation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533132068535-337H915MGKYVAA908DJ1/Slide08.png Chapter: Transcription & Translation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533132068702-78VTCWGX29OUGYJ2WMPO/Slide09.png Chapter: Transcription & Translation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533132069184-634RXOBRLULE2SJ9D583/Slide10.png Chapter: Transcription & Translation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533131619657-6DSGITYZN0627FSFJ22T/Slide12.png Chapter: Transcription & Translation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533131752396-E9XLHF6RLDROU5JAOO9K/Slide14.png Chapter: Transcription & Translation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533131752480-DF8W351OUCV28YNCF26R/Slide15.png Chapter: Transcription & Translation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533131863643-EJ4ULQWS2O3GOF4BXNZC/Slide16.png Chapter: Transcription & Translation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533131863642-YJ06PQX99BJNE976VUAV/Slide17.png Chapter: Transcription & Translation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533131950566-7CUW2HWMMRVP2X8JP0MT/Slide18.png Chapter: Transcription & Translation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533131950624-DQPE8SVTDNNL5O2XI906/Slide19.png Chapter: Transcription & Translation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533132163195-N6ZQD43QPBGWZR5ENOFY/Slide20.png Chapter: Transcription & Translation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533132163273-ZUEFTD1MHQ2B8KRRI8WA/Slide21.png Chapter: Transcription & Translation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533132164882-X5N81R28XD4LZC8SOQRS/Slide22.png Chapter: Transcription & Translation http://thebiologyprimer.com/chapter-how-genes-work daily 0.75 2018-09-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533240020250-N1ISWHD91G3VPFJAN7YP/1.png Chapter: The Genetic Code Figure 1. The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533240095493-ZRP0ST5PFV9PQBAT41KC/2.png Chapter: The Genetic Code Figure 2. Retroviruses represent an exception to the central dogma. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533241267429-6QR4EEIHMJOF6GERW3XB/1.png Chapter: The Genetic Code Figure 3. The genetic code. The triplet code mRNA directly codes for the assembly of amino acids that make up a protein. To identify the amino acid coded by the mRNA sequence, locate the mRNA triplet code (codon), the grey box to its right represents the corresponding amino acid. For example, CCC indicates the amino acid Proline (Pro). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533577935574-UF9V049M8MXGUK7XU024/practicingthecode.png Chapter: The Genetic Code Figure 4. Predicting polypeptide chains from DNA. In this example, the template strand of DNA (the strand that transcribes into RNA) is: 3' - TAC GTC TAG TCC ATC - 5'. This is transcribed into the mRNA strand: 5' - AUG CAG AUC AGG UAG- 3'. Consulting the amino acid chart (Fig. 4), we can predict the sequence of amino acids for this protein: methionine(START CODON)-glutamic acid-isoleucine-arginine-STOP. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533583751994-FQ3QBO2QA6698R553X9O/mutationduringreplication.png Chapter: The Genetic Code Figure 5. Point mutations. Point mutations are a change to a single deoxyribonucleotide, which happens during a mismatch during DNA replication. Point mutations can affect the eventual protein by changing an amino acid in the polypeptide chain. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533237827930-UC4DFJMPGTKI0VCXP6HJ/2.png Chapter: The Genetic Code Figure 6. Genotypes determine phenotypes. A change in a single deoxyribonucleotide can change the sequence of amino acids, which can have an effect on the organism's phenotype. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533593327311-U2O1BSKZWXHE9LJB2XAP/chromolevel.png Chapter: The Genetic Code Figure 7. Chromosome-level mutations. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1536077123619-3VAIBF2PDIHDZM5LI0L5/Picture1.png Chapter: The Genetic Code Figure 8. Transcription creates a transcript, or mRNA, according to complementary base pairing of the template strand of DNA. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1536698501180-G2JH6RR0EZVXCDFQBILP/Picture1.png Chapter: The Genetic Code Figure 9. Steps of transcription in prokaryotes. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1536698531789-G0K4L2QX9DLEWRJRLK48/Picture2.png Chapter: The Genetic Code Figure 10. Steps of transcription in eukaryotes and RNA splicing. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1536706386078-A9WCBBGHJS4YHWOZHKY6/Picture1.png Chapter: The Genetic Code Figure 11. Contrast of transcription and translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1537287682006-0ASUS8405ETTSP5NLXIY/translation.png Chapter: The Genetic Code Figure 12. Steps of translation. http://thebiologyprimer.com/chapter-the-cell-membrane daily 0.75 2018-08-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533143033659-A2OOLTL6VNASMDF0666H/Slide01.png Chapter: The Cell Membrane https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533143099686-905YETGIOMNE8Z7ZMP93/Slide02.png Chapter: The Cell Membrane https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533143099795-6PCXX8TMNJWW5KC0IIVI/Slide03.png Chapter: The Cell Membrane https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533143100250-NNWSKSPT9RLMDP7QTRXT/Slide04.png Chapter: The Cell Membrane https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533143189522-HRICLZXZJVIHMPT2RGE7/Slide05.png Chapter: The Cell Membrane https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533143225285-OS6DF3DWYEDK73JH1BSH/Slide06.png Chapter: The Cell Membrane https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533143225509-37H1KIMNSS2QTC95S0E9/Slide07.png Chapter: The Cell Membrane https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533143272650-1ZZU9KKV5KT2BUZBBKYO/Slide09.png Chapter: The Cell Membrane https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533143293898-7TUAQ2AOP5UIYLLVEPBL/Slide10.png Chapter: The Cell Membrane https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533143420200-EINI20UIZZW9DMQ64STD/Slide11.png Chapter: The Cell Membrane https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533143440454-W2AAD4MT2IOKRAHGZXK3/Slide12.png Chapter: The Cell Membrane https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533143420280-GQVQ6BW9D4IQZQGIVAPL/Slide13.png Chapter: The Cell Membrane https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533143482917-MA6837DGIAPX4QQR46BA/Slide14.png Chapter: The Cell Membrane https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533143718387-0ROPGJ8A3DWZJ616VTH5/Slide15.png Chapter: The Cell Membrane https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533143718362-3OZVJ0FADMK7USAVKRBD/Slide16.png Chapter: The Cell Membrane https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533143718891-QDQGIETQ0PHCXJBQYU3A/Slide17.png Chapter: The Cell Membrane http://thebiologyprimer.com/chapter-the-cell daily 0.75 2018-08-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1470256427186-4OOSUHMS85JBT6AU7PHQ/image-asset.png Chapter: The Cell Figure 1. The three domains of life. All living things are composed of cells that contain DNA, which codes for proteins. Extant (currently living organisms) are placed into one of three domains. The domains Bacteria and Archaea, known as prokaryotes, lack a true nucleus and organelles. Whereas Eukarya, known as eukaryotes, have a true nucleus and true organelles. DNA evidence continually supports the hypothesis that eventhough, Archaea and Bacteria are more morphologically similar, Archaea is actually more genetically related to Eukarya. Bacteria differ from Archaea and Eukarya in the presence of a cell wall made up of the polysaccharide, peptidoglycan. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1470406844341-L8CF1H04HMHQV196F96H/800px-Prokaryote_cell_diagram.svg.png Chapter: The Cell Figure 2. Prokaryotic cell structure. While prokaryotes (i.e. bacteria) don't have organelles (which by definiition are bounded by a phospholipid bilayer), the do have several identifiable structures. Prokaryotic DNA is circular, and sometimes aggregates into a false nucleus, known as a nucleoid. It is not a true nucleus, as it lacks a nuclear membrane (a double phospholipid bilayer. DNA is transcribed producing mRNA which is immediately translated into proteins at the ribosome. All cells are bounded by a plasma membrane (or cell membrane). Bacterial cells have an additional cell wall beyond the plasma membrane. Bacterial cell walls are composed of the polysaccharide, peptidoglycan, which is only found in bacteria. Archaea is a separate group of prokaryotes from bacteria, which lack a cell wall. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1470511596388-M2ODWOUMK1GR2EKOQ26H/image-asset.png Chapter: The Cell Figure 3. Origin of the endomembrane hypothesis. a) Eukaryotes emerged from an ancestral archaean cell. DNA is some prokaryotes are concentrated within the cell, in an area known as a nucleoid. b) The cell membrane of the ancestral archaean cell began to infold on itself forming plasma membrane within the cell. We see this in certain species of bacteria, and in some cases these infolding isolate the nucleiod.. c) The first true nucleus formed with the infoldings separated from the cell membrane, and encased the chromosomes, creating a nuclear envelope. The endoplasmic reticulum is physically connected to the nuclear envelope, yet reaches out into the cytoplasm of the cell. Additional organelles of the endomembrane system include the Golgi apparatus, vesicles and lysosomes. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1470409789482-XTJ8CI8H2IC8DI6XWR56/image-asset.png Chapter: The Cell Figure 4. Endomembrane system of a eukaryotic cell. Linear DNA, known as chromosomes, housed within the nucleus generates RNA molecules. Processed RNA molecules exit the nuclear envelope via nuclear pores and enter into the rough endoplasmic reticulum (or the cytoplasm) and attach to a ribosome (synthesized in the nucleolus of the nucleus), where a protein is synthesized. Attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the smooth reticulum, which lacks ribosomes and is responsible for lipid synthesis. Once a protein is synthesized, it may travel to the Golgi apparatus along the cytoskeleton network. At the Golgi apparatus, the protein can be modified and packaged for use within the cell or excreted. Lysosomes are specialized vesicles that are responsible for breaking down a variety of biochemicals. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1470535631495-A2Q3Z5P8VXWOKH3W9NR0/polyline7644.png Chapter: The Cell Figure 5. Endocytosis, pinocytosis and exocytosis. In endocytosis, larger particles can enter the cell in pockets of the cell membrane. These pockets pinch together forming vesicles. Lysosomes fuse with these vesicles and break down smal biological molecules (pinocytosis) or food particles (phagocytosis). Lysosomes can also fuse with the cell's own defective organelles and recycle in their material for reuse, in a process known as autophagy. Materials destined for excretion are packaged in secretory vesicles, which fuse with the cell membrane, releasing the waste material into the intermembrane space. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1470457535788-B1KTHZO8D7XLBQFSDRD3/image-asset.jpeg Chapter: The Cell Figure 6. Protein synthesis, modification and shipment. DNA codes for the production of mRNA within the nucleus. The mRNA exits the nuclear envelope through a nuclear pore and enters into the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where it attaches to a ribosome and a protein is synthesized. The protein leaves the rough ER through a transport vesicle and enters the cis-face of the Golgi apparatus, where it is modified and identified within the cisternae of the Golgi. The modified protein exits the Golgi through the trans-face via a secretory vesicle, where (depending on the protein) it either attaches to another organelle or cell membrane, or it gets excreted from the cell via exocytosis. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1470492558597-L10W402I72FYTXC7TE41/image-asset.png Chapter: The Cell Figure 7. Cell movement in unicellular organism by cilia and flagella. One function of the cytoskeleton allows unicellular organisms to move. Cilia are multiple, small protuberances of filaments that emerge beyond the cell membrane, which beat in a wave-like fashion allowing cell movement and move nutrient-rich water across the surface. Larger filaments, known as flagella, extending from the cytoskeleton whip in a back and forth motion allowing for a highly efficient form of mobility. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1470513183916-V44WZJQVPWSYEXJG93AZ/image-asset.png Chapter: The Cell Figure 8. Structures of a mitochondrion. The mitochondrion is a double-membraned organelle within eukaryotes involved in aerobic respiration. The outer membrane have proteins, called porins, that allow up to medium sized molecules in and out of the mitochondrion, generating an aqueous solution in the intermembrane space similar to the cytosol. However, large proteins made by the mitochondrion remain. The inner membrane is highly folded into structures known as cristae and is primarily responsible for oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain, with the protein, ATP synthase, ultimately generating most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration. The environment inside the inner membrane, known as the matrix, contains a variety of enzymes (most notably those responsible for the citric acid cycle) and residual mitochondrial DNA capable of synthesizing its own RNA and proteins. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1470511628000-3XKYHQYN5HNJXQCIYRL3/image-asset.png Chapter: The Cell Figure 9. Origin of the mitochondrion. According to the endosymbiosis hypothesis, an ancestral eukaryote (a) engulfed, but did not digest, a protobacterium (b). In an increasingly oxygen rich environment, this bacterium was capable of extracting much more energy (ATP) from biological molecules than the eukaryote alone. The protobacteium benefited from a supply of undigested food particles, and eventually became an endosymbiotic mitochondrion (c), living inside the eukaryote. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1470515029332-1W2VNTHDCPV0IY6OSAB2/image-asset.png Chapter: The Cell Figure 10. Comparison of a chloroplast and cyanobacterium. Chloroplasts are thought to have originated from a singular, endosymbiotic event in which a eukaryote engulfed, but did not digest, a cyanobacterium. In both structures, chlorophyll (the site of the light reactions) is housed on membranes of internal structures known as thylakoids. Membranes of thylakoids in cyanobacteria run parallel to the cell membrane. Whereas thylakoids in chloroplasts stack generating structures called grana, enhancing the internal surface area allowing for more chlorophyll and thus, greater efficiency. Both cyanobacteria and chloroplast have nucleoids, containing circular DNA capable of producing RNA and proteins. They also both have two membranes, likely a remnant of an endosymbiotic event. The fluid between the thylakoids and inner membrane, known as the stroma, is the location of the Calvin cycle. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1470520048645-2KI9R9TL9KEAF1ZXBI3K/image-asset.png Chapter: The Cell Figure 11. Origin of the chloroplast. A heterotrophic, mitochondrion-containing eukaryote (a) was either parasitized by or engulfed a cyanobacterium (b), producing an autotrophic, photosynthetic eukaryotic cell (c). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1470540246831-U57AFWDBGG6YKAUARXUA/image-asset.png Chapter: The Cell Figure 12. A typical animal cell. Plant cells have many of same internal cellular structures and organelles as animals cells, with a few exceptions. While both animal and plant contain vacuoles useful for water and nutrient storage, a plant cell's vacuoles is enormous by comparison. This is a result of an immotile life style, and being dependent on rain. Animals in contrast are motile, and either live in water or are capable of moving to search for water. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1470541621117-UM4BGAQMWLKV1C1XB5TB/text4851.png Chapter: The Cell Figure 13. A typical plant cell. In addition to large vacuoles, plant cells contain chloroplasts, whereas animal cells do not. Plant cells also have a cell wall made of the polysaccharide, cellulose that helps the cell maintain its rigid structure as plants grow. http://thebiologyprimer.com/animation-the-central-dogma-of-molecular-biology daily 0.75 2018-08-02 http://thebiologyprimer.com/chapter-dna-synthesis daily 0.75 2018-08-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533135556853-D3BJXEFNHFTEH8CE8IKO/Slide01.png Chapter: DNA Synthesis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533135556859-XO2XVDLWIXR7VNLM28L6/Slide02.png Chapter: DNA Synthesis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533135647068-5ZHTPF06S3B01XSVUQMB/Slide03.png Chapter: DNA Synthesis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533135646990-BEYEFZOTZERAZ31X1TOB/Slide04.png Chapter: DNA Synthesis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533136428516-MX455M0RIJFG4PYVB5TO/dna.png Chapter: DNA Synthesis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533136467153-WMCKP98DZ2NKJE61E7D9/Slide10.png Chapter: DNA Synthesis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533136495010-Z38U80V74SMN49O8901I/Slide12.png Chapter: DNA Synthesis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533136531522-DTL0ATLH57SJTXM5Z7RG/Slide14.png Chapter: DNA Synthesis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533136598763-W1BI2AMT8FAQ7500WIGR/Slide16.png Chapter: DNA Synthesis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533136598975-3AF2HQXIL0GBQQNQTICX/Slide17.png Chapter: DNA Synthesis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533136599246-DN65360WCA8J3KQGUQL5/Slide18.png Chapter: DNA Synthesis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533136599676-AP12D926RPJ3FTTGBXHU/Slide19.png Chapter: DNA Synthesis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533136599844-VLBRPE5L4S6SJRLPOQ7Q/Slide20.png Chapter: DNA Synthesis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533136637519-TTKGLBSFMP2NDX5IKZL9/Slide21.png Chapter: DNA Synthesis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533136726675-W5BSS974CM5AN2CQDQKU/dna.png Chapter: DNA Synthesis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533136767364-LQZ7X0RHYIJTA67NKASJ/Slide29.png Chapter: DNA Synthesis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533136767371-R9QSLMJ04T11SU7P8CZJ/Slide30.png Chapter: DNA Synthesis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533136768307-J7AHPHNB5DT4650WGO67/Slide31.png Chapter: DNA Synthesis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1533136820512-J4KZMV2HUHIO52AVXU5M/Slide33.png Chapter: DNA Synthesis http://thebiologyprimer.com/camerascope daily 0.75 2019-02-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1542735815917-HYWERNZYJX0QYPR8WAW8/Picture1.png Lab: Camerascope Fig. 1. Flea illustrated by Robert Hooke in Micrographia. A simple microscope uses a lens to enlarge a virtual enlarged image of a specimen. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1543334476328-PGD92H4GL0IBUOBQZSDX/1.jpg Lab: Camerascope Fig. 2. Hooke’s microscope. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1543334964882-PVB502J9TDHD1YZKVFJJ/Picture1.png Lab: Camerascope Fig. 3. Set up for the camerascope. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1542737465471-CODM8WZF5RPHD3LGEK0K/Picture1.png Lab: Camerascope Fig 4. Proper lighting conditions are essential for microphotography. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1543335872541-JPCJQ69KF5H4E27G7EHD/Screen+Shot+2018-11-27+at+11.23.56+AM.png Lab: Camerascope Fig. 5. Closeup of a fruit fly’s eye. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1542750563558-FY2VZDGFWW53JZ2VSFRE/Cheekcells_stained.png Lab: Camerascope Fig. 5. Human cheek cells. http://thebiologyprimer.com/gallery-camerascope daily 0.75 2019-02-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1551211126739-9Y29LXG7L52CDZU5S2BO/onionskin.jpg Gallery: Camerascope - Onion Skin Cells Photo: Jason Walker https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1551211239131-7SR8A7MDOYUO25OPHRFR/Screen+Shot+2018-11-20+at+4.13.21+PM.png Gallery: Camerascope - Celery stem: cross section Photo: Jason Walker https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1551228678526-SLJHD6F425EJSRFXX5WB/20181013_210624.jpg Gallery: Camerascope - Guard cells of a green onion Photo: anonymous https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1551228774545-7JMNVLYWJHMUEUELUMV7/20181023_105931.jpg Gallery: Camerascope - Onion root tip Photo: anonymous https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1551228546500-GH96LKM9U09S29PLJPUP/20181012_131539+%281%29.jpg Gallery: Camerascope - Fruit fly leg Photo: anonymous http://thebiologyprimer.com/study-guide-history-of-life daily 0.75 2019-04-24 http://thebiologyprimer.com/lecture-slides-history-of-life daily 0.75 2019-04-23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1556063243500-7P4XVASBSVCF9WZY6G18/Slide095.jpeg Lecture Slides: History of Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1556063243928-LYL3Q8QXEXNYFYD5LQ6L/Slide096.jpeg Lecture Slides: History of Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1556063244108-NDHCLBILBMC62YZJCSIG/Slide098.jpeg Lecture Slides: History of Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1556063244393-JMEVRGQ7R1UNUVHF7J3M/Slide099.jpeg Lecture Slides: History of Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1556063244509-Y97FGS6YPUZKQ8AJAZJR/Slide100.jpeg Lecture Slides: History of Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1556063244933-AEWMNLVLVKNO5EOHOWRP/Slide101.jpeg Lecture Slides: History of Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1556063245127-IPM3U5QS7LY37AM8KUBU/Slide102.jpeg Lecture Slides: History of Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1556063245530-UZIXPRFE6Y6Q84QGD5MJ/Slide103.jpeg Lecture Slides: History of Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1556063245583-JZVEORFC6JY0DB4PMRI4/Slide104.jpeg Lecture Slides: History of Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1556063245992-1LF8FI7KTJZY7BLCDL8C/Slide105.jpeg Lecture Slides: History of Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1556063246277-0KZ91045MF5HBL2WRONJ/Slide106.jpeg Lecture Slides: History of Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1556063246547-PQ41J1RNPL3JO3RNGFV6/Slide107.jpeg Lecture Slides: History of Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1556063246844-99KJWESAKKUCL6O4VTBL/Slide108.jpeg Lecture Slides: History of Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1556063247256-PYFNCTIQUP729T1GG8M6/Slide109.jpeg Lecture Slides: History of Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1556063247564-O4NLCR4NDVMPADXIVVDG/Slide110.jpeg Lecture Slides: History of Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1556063243804-RWEF6XMS4K9R0LNFRHQF/Slide111.jpeg Lecture Slides: History of Life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1556063247845-FAESGVD8015Y7H5PPSLF/Slide112.jpeg Lecture Slides: History of Life http://thebiologyprimer.com/saz daily 0.75 2025-05-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746546071682-7TG33D6OXS7O99MHE450/cape-town.jpg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - 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Go-away Bird https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746553233794-G05SEI2Z3LTRSHYVAYLT/Indian+Myna.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Indian Myna https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746553234412-DKD7L1SXWAEWHVF32VD6/Black-Collared-Barbet-.jpg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Black-Collared Barbet https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746553236307-FF5E9C7J9CNC13E6GW12/Black+Shouldered+kite.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Black-Shouldered Kite https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746557752069-WDM3G12F5N9P7YOIVDWD/download.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - African Bullfrog https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746556774800-GAA3XSOQIHT9GN4TZ66K/images.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Waterfall City https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746559269836-8BEVLOOWMIA9RZVQY3JC/resize-waterfall-drone-photography-11-of-41.jpg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Greenbelt https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746559451974-HPJ2A6HU79H95YNG1AC4/images.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Pretoria https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746559523308-Z2RKDJ9U8LLW7I6LMTRJ/download.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Savanna https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746559598487-BIV7JCWRYMBCTS3TO37R/asdfa.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Marula https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746559710436-0WPEA44WFYC4PHK7FOKX/Kalahari-Nossob-area.IMG_5803-edited.jpg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Bushveld https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746559755363-K773IAVAGOQV349VOSZT/500px-Aloe_pretoriensis.jpg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Aloe pretorensis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746559839308-HAGC491BVQSYV0S1Y3T4/download.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Karee Tree https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746559938625-PN5NAK2Z0G25WR1HBGX8/download+%281%29.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Zebra https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746559984062-D62X9MFLFB5HVCMNFHXC/download+%282%29.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Eland https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746560043063-LJJR9S0QHCM0R4MFNJ5P/download+%283%29.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Ostrich https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746560108925-DDQD5O617NFR5X868EGS/download+%284%29.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Jackal https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746560146025-Q16P63FTIRX3FX46F8L3/Secretary_bird_Mara_for_WC.jpg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Secretary Bird https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746560298754-YBFZTE7L64F98E71YUS0/Maggie-Griffiths-ground-hornbill-puffadder-meal-Kruger-National-Park-South-Africa.jpg-XXX-.jpg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Southern Ground Hornbill https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746560391271-DTZR6BXJAIMPL013MWJ7/BIR040-00142-1920x1282.jpg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Wahlburg's Eagle https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746561253209-HWCPIZIM01A4VQYN8NWU/Victoria-Falls-Places-To-See-Attractions-In-Zimbabwe-6.jpg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Victoria Falls https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746561322043-RD7YPA38ITVR8SLR0BPC/Ruaha-Natalie-Ingle1-768x512.jpg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Miombo Forest https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746561925898-ZDU6TW8HWW82II59H6AV/1-vic-falls-the-big-tree-les-berger-590x546.jpg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - "The Big Tree" https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746561443695-GV22BN65T86LV4VULITE/images+%281%29.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Combretum https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746561395813-R75EJKIHLMMTQO2M9KE9/images.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Brachystegia https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746561527228-0YNJ9CAL6GJHRMXWEKCG/images.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Date Palm https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746561577367-NJDQ1HM7CIU7MDRFCAUU/images+%281%29.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Flame Lily https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746561646776-M56E4D0AGO73VSHD1NG0/images+%282%29.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Silver-backed lip fern https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746561702715-UZ52KR2105E0AW23MT1T/download.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Yellow Hibiscus https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746561765975-59UFSEMPDHBCYK8H069Y/kigelia-africana.jpg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Sausage Tree https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746562041744-AAA8831K7IAZ7YOSFN1T/1200.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Turaco https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746562087297-Z3OU1BJ5SOT24JU5A3PV/images.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Slaty egret https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746562122494-5QTO3Y4HELBRUS16HCBA/images+%281%29.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - African fish eagle https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746562197389-KB6YEGS1MCSQVCWYHBPW/900.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Myer's Parrot https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746562246187-52NG8PTGM610YBN26JFT/900+%281%29.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Squacco heron https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746562280864-XF4A8KXF12L285NBAXT9/900.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Pied Kingfisher https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746562365105-CWMLUSU25HB5GW9XDJ5N/Bycanistes_bucinator_-Lowry_Park_Zoo%2C_Tampa%2C_Florida%2C_USA-8a.jpg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Trumpeter Hornbill https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746562410686-ANT49ADRH5P65B4Q8Z54/images.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - White-fronted Bee-eater https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746562793982-K12Z77RPI3WV2H9EZUII/images.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Nelson Mandela Bay https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746562890974-HLT9F7YFXZM20WYJYX1G/b_coastal_fynbos_trail5.jpg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Coastal Fynbos https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746562946952-7DHO25ROQ6Z3VPNNMW9Y/images+%282%29.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Albany subtropical thicket https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746563020596-NQTO73NYW0X7D8X9REUI/images+%283%29.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Aloe africanus https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746563630777-MGDL3Z822SM8P6QCHSP1/Nelson-Mandela-Bay-king-proteas-full-bloom-cape-floral-2540277031.jpg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Protea https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746563246399-WY66A6GYP9FRV6A3MTMP/portulacaria_afra_decumbent__36918.jpg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Elephant bush https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746563365290-TP70H3BHEPQ91BT536CW/320.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Cape Robin-Chat https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746563410348-02HRF9DWMRN2VM5CAY1Z/1-cape-white-eye.jpg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Cape White Eye https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746563539619-MLT4ZP58EL5F63HI7YJR/Speckled-Mousebird-Colius-striatus-a-species-whose-occurrence-in-cropland-was-favoured_Q320.jpg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Speckled Mousebird https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746564355553-QLBACB9W5P3OT7OH8XPK/these-guys-passed-within.jpg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Addo Elephant Park https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746564449906-M7J0FUWLO4N4S0ZBRY75/images.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Albay subtropical thicket https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746564544565-OBVYCXES35XSPI168Y17/view-from-the-top.jpg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Karoo Forest https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746564587234-WMA7U2LDSLWH1H3FOOTL/6wmmiztlbs_Black_Rhino_8.6.2012_Hero_and_Circle_HI_48366.jpg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Black Rhinocereus https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746564643977-OK2ME4G5O5EFR9D2R5HT/images+%281%29.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Cape Buffalo https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746564694588-QL16X7W2A0HFJW32K8LY/images+%282%29.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Spotted Hyena https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746564736470-8WOL9YEW5K6S86HVHA9J/images+%283%29.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Dung Beetle https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746564830141-UYKI9PLLMU0CA28SMAAN/900.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Lilac-breasted Rollers https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746564905424-1PV3M6XKAMGK0QDBH6T1/Black-shouldered_Kite_%28Elanus_caeruleus%29_in_Hyderabad_W_IMG_4418.jpg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Black-shouldered kite https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746564949077-G53ZGMTIALBWZ85SIDHB/images+%284%29.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - African Hoopoe https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746565046805-EVVBLOOLYBB5ETVQYWUA/caption.jpg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Sundays River https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746565128285-ZQCF44WDOC545T8B44VO/images+%285%29.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Sundays Sand Dunes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746565232735-HPNXE1F9R50FQ0ZN1SEQ/images+%286%29.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Half-collared Kingfisher https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746565282325-K15M7J5E5XKCION4V382/500px-Megaceryle_maxima_-Zimbabwe-8-2c.jpg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Giant Kingfisher https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746565343343-YQGGDO739IR8TXIR9US4/images+%287%29.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Great Blue Heron https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746565387307-9PFSK47K4G7S5XQK66MV/images+%288%29.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Greater Flamingo https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746565421553-T933NBVO50YNNH3UXC9D/images.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Lesser flamingo https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746565483568-CKTCTXFTN4SOEUHBBTC4/download.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Robben Island https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746565577743-1NB2FQW4EL6YU3M32XSB/download+%281%29.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Cape Cormorant https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746565640628-RTBVHH2FCEKFBEXRQJ2K/1200.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - African oystereater https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746565725143-H3IYOKH2FO45M3S95GM0/images+%281%29.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Albatross https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746565798495-D7MXI28BXU3X1Z7EE85Z/1200+%281%29.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Storm Petrel https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1746565836808-GPGZV2QJ26I93W5L0LIJ/images+%282%29.jpeg South Africa and Zimbabwe ecology - Skua http://thebiologyprimer.com/phylogenies-and-a-brief-history-of-life daily 0.75 2025-08-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/083fb501-747f-4f82-9d57-432ff70e8400/download.png Chapter: Phylogenies and A Brief History of Life - Make it stand out Figure 1. Basics of a phylogeny https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/17d865e7-be35-4bf7-8bdb-359565e2f731/Screenshot+2025-08-04+at+11.39.53%E2%80%AFAM.png Chapter: Phylogenies and A Brief History of Life - Make it stand out Figure 2. The phenetic approach typically compares DNA (or other biological molecules like RNA or proteins) to construct phylogenies. Whereas the cladistics approach, compares physical morphologies to construct phylogenies. In reality, both of the methods are used in concert. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/0df6aaa6-5c38-4967-9adf-4d24fea9c7f3/Screenshot+2025-08-04+at+11.41.11%E2%80%AFAM.png Chapter: Phylogenies and A Brief History of Life - Make it stand out Figure 3. Homoplasy is where two organisms share common characteristics, though not due to common ancestry. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/fc25b7d9-456a-4904-98f9-cbad35654cc9/Screenshot+2025-08-04+at+11.44.14%E2%80%AFAM.png Chapter: Phylogenies and A Brief History of Life - Make it stand out Figure 4. Homologies are morphological similarities shared by a common ancestor. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/d41b794d-fd68-4c57-9b25-1f6e4660020b/Screenshot+2025-08-04+at+11.29.37%E2%80%AFAM.png Chapter: Phylogenies and A Brief History of Life - Make it stand out Figure 5. Parsimony. When constructing phylogenetic trees, we start with parsimony, The simplest explanation (containing the fewest changes) is most likely reality, https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1d9646c7-c57a-44bb-9932-9968def15247/Screenshot+2025-08-04+at+11.58.42%E2%80%AFAM.png Chapter: Phylogenies and A Brief History of Life - Make it stand out Figure 6. Parsimony isn’t always correct, as is the case of the whale and the astragalus bond. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/28eacb48-1977-4a2c-a0a1-d3ec7f9aa52f/geologic_timeline_gravity_merge-ee4568374fa0fe2c5351f90a5452f2a4-ee4568374fa0fe2c5351f90a5452f2a4.png Chapter: Phylogenies and A Brief History of Life - Make it stand out Figure 7. Earth’s Geologic Timeline https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/d156c1cc-5fb1-4372-96b9-a8bbae8c71b8/011918_cg_hadeonnothellhole_feat.webp Chapter: Phylogenies and A Brief History of Life - Make it stand out Figure 8. The Hadean Eon was lifeless and geologically violent. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/986fdffa-6bda-4213-84a6-de410c9c7cd2/2023-03-Image99a.cropimg.widt Chapter: Phylogenies and A Brief History of Life - Make it stand out Figure 9. Stromatolites, representative of the first fossils to appear in the record in the Archaean Eon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/bd120a25-0af3-4fa8-a674-e9ab12ae7a7c/Screenshot+2025-08-04+142818.png Chapter: Phylogenies and A Brief History of Life - Make it stand out Figure 10. Multicellularity emerges in the Proterozoic Eon, fueled by increasing oxygen and the emergence of cellular respiration. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/78476d2b-e38f-4dd6-87e2-1cf62c3f26a6/Screenshot+2025-08-04+143817.png Chapter: Phylogenies and A Brief History of Life - Make it stand out Figure 11. Fossil Evidence of the Cambrian Radiation and just before. http://thebiologyprimer.com/chapter-natural-selection daily 0.75 2025-09-08 http://thebiologyprimer.com/chapter-population-genetics daily 0.75 2025-08-04 http://thebiologyprimer.com/chapter-speciation daily 0.75 2025-08-04 http://thebiologyprimer.com/chapter-ecology-and-the-biosphere daily 0.75 2025-08-04 http://thebiologyprimer.com/chapter-population-ecology daily 0.75 2025-08-04 http://thebiologyprimer.com/chapter-community-ecology daily 0.75 2025-08-04 http://thebiologyprimer.com/chapter-prokaryotes daily 0.75 2025-08-05 http://thebiologyprimer.com/chapter-protists daily 0.75 2025-08-05 http://thebiologyprimer.com/chapter-plants daily 0.75 2025-08-04 http://thebiologyprimer.com/chapter-fungi daily 0.75 2025-08-05 http://thebiologyprimer.com/chapter-animals daily 0.75 2025-08-05 http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-introduction-to-scientific-method-lecture daily 0.75 2025-08-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/a5ee3ea8-b380-45c9-9c01-daac1807a9b9/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.37.15%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method (Lecture)) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/879c9fce-62ec-428a-a64c-d784d8ba4214/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.38.31%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method (Lecture)) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/c22cba13-131e-4fe2-bfba-9f7687353ad0/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.39.27%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method (Lecture)) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/0aa89e4b-19a1-4cd1-b960-f63cafac3402/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.40.35%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method (Lecture)) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions daily 0.75 2025-08-22 http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-atoms-to-molecules-c daily 0.75 2025-08-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/09bc8e41-3a8f-44b8-b7f8-d24b9111b409/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Atoms to Molecules (C) - Make it stand out Problem 1. How to create a Bohr model for chlorine. The number of protons is equal to the atomic number. The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons to balance out the charge. The number of neutrons is the rounded atomic mass minus the number of protons. Since chlorine is in the third period (row), it will have three electron shells. The first and second shells are full, with two and eight electrons, respectively. That leaves seven electrons left over in the outer shell, the valence shell. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/195b5d91-8962-4444-89c1-b077513fe9ed/2.png Module Instructions: Atoms to Molecules (C) - Make it stand out Problem 2. How to calculate the charge of a sodium atom. When calculating the charge, you must subtract the number of electrons from the number of protons. This is because protons have a positive charge and electrons have a negative charge. Neutrons have no charge. So they are not considered when calculating charge. Below is the work for the Chlorine atom. There are 17 protons and 17 electrons. So the charge is +17-17=0. There is no charge, or a neutral charge. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/02b6b767-a885-47ec-8c0d-2562a43076c4/Screenshot+2025-08-22+at+10.50.24%E2%80%AFAM.png Module Instructions: Atoms to Molecules (C) - Make it stand out Problems 3 and 4. How to draw ionic bonding. For problems 3 and 4, be sure to use the template as a guide. For problem 4, please note that there are two atoms of chlorine in this reaction. Note that the ions have a different number of protons and electrons. That is what gives them an electromagnetic charge. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/5c11ce0a-527e-4cb7-8708-ffab3e3f5f47/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Atoms to Molecules (C) - Make it stand out Problem 6. Preparation for creating Lewis Structures of C₂H₄. Step 1: On a scrap piece of paper, draw Lewis dot structures of all of the atoms. In this example there are two atoms of carbon and four of hydrogen. Where you place them doesn’t really matter. Step 2: Connect the dots. There are two rules. Rule 1: You can not connect dots from the same atom. Rule 2: You can only pair reactive electrons. These are the unpaired electrons in the Lewis Dot structure. Paired electrons do not undergo covalent bonding. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/e5a55c32-e50a-4952-9cba-4b7f350728d3/2.png Module Instructions: Atoms to Molecules (C) - Make it stand out Problem 6. Lewis Dot Diagram of C₂H₄. From our scrap paper, we can see there are two electrons being shared between each carbon and hydrogen. In the Lewis Dot Diagram we would show this as two dots ( : ) between the atoms to represent a single covalent bond. The two carbons are sharing four atoms, known as a double bond. We show this as four dots ( : : ). Skeletal Structure of C₂H₄. For every two electrons shared between atoms, we visualize this as a bar. Single bonds are represented one bar ( - ). Double bonds are represented by two bars ( = ). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/bf4c1ccf-902c-4237-a6f9-aaaacfae2ef7/Screenshot+2025-08-22+at+11.48.58%E2%80%AFAM.png Module Instructions: Atoms to Molecules (C) - Make it stand out Problem 6. Check your work. Carbon atoms are in the second period of the periodic table. Atoms in the second (and third) periods can hold up to 8 valence electrons. By forming covalent bonds, they achieve a more energetically stable configuration. For example, a carbon atom is typically shown surrounded by 8 dots in a Lewis structure, representing this stability. Hydrogen, on the other hand, is in the first period. Because its electron shell can only hold 2 valence electrons, a hydrogen atom can form only one covalent bond with a neighboring atom. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/894ec4fe-8533-4eb7-86b5-0b4de7fb14c0/Screenshot+2025-08-22+at+1.15.29%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Atoms to Molecules (C) - Make it stand out Problem 7. Set up for C₆H₆. Benzene (C₆H₆) can be thought of as six repeating units, each consisting of one carbon atom bonded to one hydrogen atom. If you draw these six subunits in a row and try to connect the carbons, you will notice that one of the bonds becomes too long. Such a bond is not possible in a covalent structure, since atoms must remain close together. Instead, the molecule bends and the carbons connect in a ring, forming a hexagon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/4fb34e52-9f4f-450f-bcc6-3c4aa08d2641/Screenshot+2025-08-22+at+1.34.07%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Atoms to Molecules (C) - Make it stand out Problem 7. Lewis Dot Structure and Skeletal Structure for C₆H₆. The bends in the covalent bonds creates a hexagonal shape, as we see in the resulting Lewis Dot Structure and Skeletal Structure. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/98e2f6ab-6bac-4143-92c0-224c2818ef1d/Screenshot+2025-08-22+at+2.16.25%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Atoms to Molecules (C) - Make it stand out Problem 7. Setup for glucose, (C₆H₁₂O₆). Using the same strategy as with benzene, you can think of C₆H₁₂O₆ as being composed of six subunits of C₁H₂O₁. If you draw six of these subunits and connect the reactive electrons, you can begin to see how the larger molecule forms. Keep in mind that each oxygen atom has two pairs of nonbonding (unreactive) electrons, which do not participate in covalent bonding. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/0434b271-c0a7-41be-8f0c-7d511cfa611d/Screenshot+2025-08-22+at+2.23.49%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Atoms to Molecules (C) - Make it stand out Problem 8. Hydrogen bonding in H₂O. This one is a bit tricky to visualize with just the wording in the lab. You can use this image as a guide. http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-atoms-to-molecules-lecture daily 0.75 2025-08-22 http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-atoms-to-molecules-lab daily 0.75 2025-08-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/09bc8e41-3a8f-44b8-b7f8-d24b9111b409/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Atoms to Molecules (Lab)) - Make it stand out Problem 1. How to create a Bohr model for chlorine. The number of protons is equal to the atomic number. The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons to balance out the charge. The number of neutrons is the rounded atomic mass minus the number of protons. Since chlorine is in the third period (row), it will have three electron shells. The first and second shells are full, with two and eight electrons, respectively. That leaves seven electrons left over in the outer shell, the valence shell. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/195b5d91-8962-4444-89c1-b077513fe9ed/2.png Module Instructions: Atoms to Molecules (Lab)) - Make it stand out Problem 2. How to calculate the charge of a sodium atom. When calculating the charge, you must subtract the number of electrons from the number of protons. This is because protons have a positive charge and electrons have a negative charge. Neutrons have no charge. So they are not considered when calculating charge. Below is the work for the Chlorine atom. There are 17 protons and 17 electrons. So the charge is +17-17=0. There is no charge, or a neutral charge. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/02b6b767-a885-47ec-8c0d-2562a43076c4/Screenshot+2025-08-22+at+10.50.24%E2%80%AFAM.png Module Instructions: Atoms to Molecules (Lab)) - Make it stand out Problems 3 and 4. How to draw ionic bonding. For problems 3 and 4, be sure to use the template as a guide. For problem 4, please note that there are two atoms of chlorine in this reaction. Note that the ions have a different number of protons and electrons. That is what gives them an electromagnetic charge. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/5c11ce0a-527e-4cb7-8708-ffab3e3f5f47/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Atoms to Molecules (Lab)) - Make it stand out Problem 6. Preparation for creating Lewis Structures of C₂H₄. Step 1: On a scrap piece of paper, draw Lewis dot structures of all of the atoms. In this example there are two atoms of carbon and four of hydrogen. Where you place them doesn’t really matter. Step 2: Connect the dots. There are two rules. Rule 1: You can not connect dots from the same atom. Rule 2: You can only pair reactive electrons. These are the unpaired electrons in the Lewis Dot structure. Paired electrons do not undergo covalent bonding. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/e5a55c32-e50a-4952-9cba-4b7f350728d3/2.png Module Instructions: Atoms to Molecules (Lab)) - Make it stand out Problem 6. Lewis Dot Diagram of C₂H₄. From our scrap paper, we can see there are two electrons being shared between each carbon and hydrogen. In the Lewis Dot Diagram we would show this as two dots ( : ) between the atoms to represent a single covalent bond. The two carbons are sharing four atoms, known as a double bond. We show this as four dots ( : : ). Skeletal Structure of C₂H₄. For every two electrons shared between atoms, we visualize this as a bar. Single bonds are represented one bar ( - ). Double bonds are represented by two bars ( = ). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/bf4c1ccf-902c-4237-a6f9-aaaacfae2ef7/Screenshot+2025-08-22+at+11.48.58%E2%80%AFAM.png Module Instructions: Atoms to Molecules (Lab)) - Make it stand out Problem 6. Check your work. Carbon atoms are in the second period of the periodic table. Atoms in the second (and third) periods can hold up to 8 valence electrons. By forming covalent bonds, they achieve a more energetically stable configuration. For example, a carbon atom is typically shown surrounded by 8 dots in a Lewis structure, representing this stability. Hydrogen, on the other hand, is in the first period. Because its electron shell can only hold 2 valence electrons, a hydrogen atom can form only one covalent bond with a neighboring atom. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/894ec4fe-8533-4eb7-86b5-0b4de7fb14c0/Screenshot+2025-08-22+at+1.15.29%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Atoms to Molecules (Lab)) - Make it stand out Problem 7. Set up for C₆H₆. Benzene (C₆H₆) can be thought of as six repeating units, each consisting of one carbon atom bonded to one hydrogen atom. If you draw these six subunits in a row and try to connect the carbons, you will notice that one of the bonds becomes too long. Such a bond is not possible in a covalent structure, since atoms must remain close together. Instead, the molecule bends and the carbons connect in a ring, forming a hexagon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/4fb34e52-9f4f-450f-bcc6-3c4aa08d2641/Screenshot+2025-08-22+at+1.34.07%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Atoms to Molecules (Lab)) - Make it stand out Problem 7. Lewis Dot Structure and Skeletal Structure for C₆H₆. The bends in the covalent bonds creates a hexagonal shape, as we see in the resulting Lewis Dot Structure and Skeletal Structure. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/98e2f6ab-6bac-4143-92c0-224c2818ef1d/Screenshot+2025-08-22+at+2.16.25%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Atoms to Molecules (Lab)) - Make it stand out Problem 7. Setup for glucose, (C₆H₁₂O₆). Using the same strategy as with benzene, you can think of C₆H₁₂O₆ as being composed of six subunits of C₁H₂O₁. If you draw six of these subunits and connect the reactive electrons, you can begin to see how the larger molecule forms. Keep in mind that each oxygen atom has two pairs of nonbonding (unreactive) electrons, which do not participate in covalent bonding. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/0434b271-c0a7-41be-8f0c-7d511cfa611d/Screenshot+2025-08-22+at+2.23.49%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Atoms to Molecules (Lab)) - Make it stand out Problem 8. Hydrogen bonding in H₂O. This one is a bit tricky to visualize with just the wording in the lab. You can use this image as a guide. http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-central-dogma-c daily 0.75 2025-08-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/ee6ef3db-e7f2-4658-9dd5-d515158de4d6/unnamed.png Module Instructions: Central Dogma (C) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/f973c861-8a9f-4a15-9644-00a74020fa87/unnamed-1.png Module Instructions: Central Dogma (C) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/24e39c89-1b82-45d1-a58d-f2b165b49d04/unnamed-2.png Module Instructions: Central Dogma (C) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/5f4cba5c-be1f-4e37-997c-3b05f03b418c/unnamed.png Module Instructions: Central Dogma (C) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/8d7a62a1-630c-4aa1-9a6e-5278ee4a4feb/Screenshot%2B2025-08-26%2Bat%2B9.36.49%E2%80%AFAM.webp Module Instructions: Central Dogma (C) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/76e92e9f-f13e-4e96-afbf-dd0ab4fa3a67/ezgif-844aa43ab98243.gif Module Instructions: Central Dogma (C) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/e3d511ac-4346-425a-b820-020d25edd073/2.png Module Instructions: Central Dogma (C) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/95e7530e-7a87-471c-af9c-5272879325c3/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Central Dogma (C) - Make it stand out Note: These are the transcribed amino acids, not the peptide bond. Do not use this image on Problem 9. You must complete the peptide bond using the information in the lab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1c2b5bce-0adb-452c-bbfc-3a823eafcfdf/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Central Dogma (C) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/a2bcf093-7294-4299-882d-375a172e10e6/unnamed-1.png Module Instructions: Central Dogma (C) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/76d0a8d5-08e4-4103-a52b-e6877798e18c/unnamed-2.png Module Instructions: Central Dogma (C) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/de46a4be-9943-4ba3-b001-4f55cadb2d6c/unnamed-3.png Module Instructions: Central Dogma (C) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/dc368168-b451-42a2-8a1f-5830a1318c9f/unnamed-4.png Module Instructions: Central Dogma (C) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/3dbe9575-6abc-4d6e-9786-09470b06bd28/unnamed-1.png Module Instructions: Central Dogma (C) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-central-dogma-lecture daily 0.75 2025-08-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/ee6ef3db-e7f2-4658-9dd5-d515158de4d6/unnamed.png Module Instructions: Central Dogma (Lecture) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/f973c861-8a9f-4a15-9644-00a74020fa87/unnamed-1.png Module Instructions: Central Dogma (Lecture) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/24e39c89-1b82-45d1-a58d-f2b165b49d04/unnamed-2.png Module Instructions: Central Dogma (Lecture) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/5f4cba5c-be1f-4e37-997c-3b05f03b418c/unnamed.png Module Instructions: Central Dogma (Lecture) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/3dbe9575-6abc-4d6e-9786-09470b06bd28/unnamed-1.png Module Instructions: Central Dogma (Lecture) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-central-dogma-lab daily 0.75 2025-08-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/8d7a62a1-630c-4aa1-9a6e-5278ee4a4feb/Screenshot%2B2025-08-26%2Bat%2B9.36.49%E2%80%AFAM.webp Module Instructions: Central Dogma (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/76e92e9f-f13e-4e96-afbf-dd0ab4fa3a67/ezgif-844aa43ab98243.gif Module Instructions: Central Dogma (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/e3d511ac-4346-425a-b820-020d25edd073/2.png Module Instructions: Central Dogma (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/95e7530e-7a87-471c-af9c-5272879325c3/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Central Dogma (Lab) - Make it stand out Note: These are the transcribed amino acids, not the peptide bond. Do not use this image on Problem 9. You must complete the peptide bond using the information in the lab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1c2b5bce-0adb-452c-bbfc-3a823eafcfdf/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Central Dogma (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/a2bcf093-7294-4299-882d-375a172e10e6/unnamed-1.png Module Instructions: Central Dogma (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/76d0a8d5-08e4-4103-a52b-e6877798e18c/unnamed-2.png Module Instructions: Central Dogma (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/de46a4be-9943-4ba3-b001-4f55cadb2d6c/unnamed-3.png Module Instructions: Central Dogma (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/dc368168-b451-42a2-8a1f-5830a1318c9f/unnamed-4.png Module Instructions: Central Dogma (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-enzymes-lab daily 0.75 2025-08-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/a2bcf093-7294-4299-882d-375a172e10e6/unnamed-1.png Module Instructions: Enzymes (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/76d0a8d5-08e4-4103-a52b-e6877798e18c/unnamed-2.png Module Instructions: Enzymes (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/de46a4be-9943-4ba3-b001-4f55cadb2d6c/unnamed-3.png Module Instructions: Enzymes (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/dc368168-b451-42a2-8a1f-5830a1318c9f/unnamed-4.png Module Instructions: Enzymes (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-introduction-to-scientific-c-non daily 0.75 2025-08-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/a5ee3ea8-b380-45c9-9c01-daac1807a9b9/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.37.15%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/879c9fce-62ec-428a-a64c-d784d8ba4214/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.38.31%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/c22cba13-131e-4fe2-bfba-9f7687353ad0/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.39.27%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/6e10c600-4145-4433-9b25-f753bb63fe28/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.46.31%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1b7c5d8d-c109-4b9c-9aa6-1ffab56e76bd/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+5.23.24%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/4ff0b9c2-f2f6-45ad-b874-45b887af9a95/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.49.20%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/613ab947-e600-44e0-b8d8-28f0cfe11301/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.50.18%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/cdd4a5af-161c-4c50-9488-5ff3cc6cc463/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.51.27%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/a214a9d9-7b8c-4bef-9f90-a8ac86a0900e/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.53.00%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/eb50d58c-223a-4adb-8ccf-517235a54083/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.54.36%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/50597c69-5bc0-4217-b09a-3372e7b20a5b/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.55.34%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/02c1173b-870f-4449-973f-b04a5900b25b/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.55.51%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/67e28c31-0e4e-48d6-8967-988c76169c7f/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.57.24%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/ab5c496b-31f2-4b66-9202-913f92e7bcf6/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.58.18%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/006505c7-0a08-40c5-ac3d-7179fba38be8/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.58.25%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/94d38a96-83ad-4ada-adc9-fd4b4ad98e64/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.59.59%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/51757fe3-b4e0-44b2-bb24-d1212ac106c4/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+5.00.58%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/ac2ff214-dd3b-40f2-94a5-2db5ccde12f3/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+5.01.59%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/8e3dcb99-489c-4712-be0a-2419b5cb574a/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+5.03.07%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/af28abb3-1f47-4d47-b879-8f683a6cac4e/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+5.10.15%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1aca49cb-2fc7-4b78-b1c2-bf21924c0c44/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+5.11.56%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/d58a2866-eb84-40e2-9ec9-85751c7d1d16/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+5.12.46%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/0aa89e4b-19a1-4cd1-b960-f63cafac3402/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.40.35%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-introduction-to-scientific-method-c-fscj daily 0.75 2025-08-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/a5ee3ea8-b380-45c9-9c01-daac1807a9b9/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.37.15%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/879c9fce-62ec-428a-a64c-d784d8ba4214/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.38.31%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/c22cba13-131e-4fe2-bfba-9f7687353ad0/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.39.27%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/6e10c600-4145-4433-9b25-f753bb63fe28/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.46.31%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/72f9f44f-e4aa-4cf3-ab90-b4bcebd5a50e/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+5.23.24%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/4ff0b9c2-f2f6-45ad-b874-45b887af9a95/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.49.20%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/613ab947-e600-44e0-b8d8-28f0cfe11301/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.50.18%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/cdd4a5af-161c-4c50-9488-5ff3cc6cc463/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.51.27%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/a214a9d9-7b8c-4bef-9f90-a8ac86a0900e/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.53.00%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/eb50d58c-223a-4adb-8ccf-517235a54083/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.54.36%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/50597c69-5bc0-4217-b09a-3372e7b20a5b/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.55.34%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/02c1173b-870f-4449-973f-b04a5900b25b/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.55.51%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/67e28c31-0e4e-48d6-8967-988c76169c7f/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.57.24%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/ab5c496b-31f2-4b66-9202-913f92e7bcf6/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.58.18%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/006505c7-0a08-40c5-ac3d-7179fba38be8/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.58.25%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/94d38a96-83ad-4ada-adc9-fd4b4ad98e64/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.59.59%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/51757fe3-b4e0-44b2-bb24-d1212ac106c4/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+5.00.58%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/ac2ff214-dd3b-40f2-94a5-2db5ccde12f3/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+5.01.59%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/8e3dcb99-489c-4712-be0a-2419b5cb574a/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+5.03.07%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/af28abb3-1f47-4d47-b879-8f683a6cac4e/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+5.10.15%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1aca49cb-2fc7-4b78-b1c2-bf21924c0c44/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+5.11.56%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/d58a2866-eb84-40e2-9ec9-85751c7d1d16/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+5.12.46%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/0aa89e4b-19a1-4cd1-b960-f63cafac3402/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.40.35%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-introduction-to-scientific-method-lab daily 0.75 2025-08-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/92de1cc9-5ade-4843-bbf0-d1b47fdab1e6/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+5.20.12%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/6e10c600-4145-4433-9b25-f753bb63fe28/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.46.31%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/8bcdd057-58e2-4e70-8125-648a8176cf52/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+5.22.41%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/4ff0b9c2-f2f6-45ad-b874-45b887af9a95/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.49.20%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/613ab947-e600-44e0-b8d8-28f0cfe11301/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.50.18%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/cdd4a5af-161c-4c50-9488-5ff3cc6cc463/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.51.27%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/a214a9d9-7b8c-4bef-9f90-a8ac86a0900e/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.53.00%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/eb50d58c-223a-4adb-8ccf-517235a54083/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.54.36%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/50597c69-5bc0-4217-b09a-3372e7b20a5b/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.55.34%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/02c1173b-870f-4449-973f-b04a5900b25b/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.55.51%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/67e28c31-0e4e-48d6-8967-988c76169c7f/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.57.24%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/ab5c496b-31f2-4b66-9202-913f92e7bcf6/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.58.18%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/006505c7-0a08-40c5-ac3d-7179fba38be8/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.58.25%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/94d38a96-83ad-4ada-adc9-fd4b4ad98e64/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+4.59.59%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/51757fe3-b4e0-44b2-bb24-d1212ac106c4/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+5.00.58%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/ac2ff214-dd3b-40f2-94a5-2db5ccde12f3/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+5.01.59%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/8e3dcb99-489c-4712-be0a-2419b5cb574a/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+5.03.07%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/af28abb3-1f47-4d47-b879-8f683a6cac4e/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+5.10.15%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1aca49cb-2fc7-4b78-b1c2-bf21924c0c44/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+5.11.56%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/d58a2866-eb84-40e2-9ec9-85751c7d1d16/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+5.12.46%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/80ebeb42-96a6-4d17-950b-0d62bb3eb37e/Screenshot+2025-08-26+at+5.20.33%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Introduction to Scientific Method (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-the-cell-c daily 0.75 2025-08-26 http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-the-cell-lab daily 0.75 2025-08-26 http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-the-cell-lecture daily 0.75 2025-08-26 http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-cell-cycle-and-meiosis-c daily 0.75 2025-08-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/e5f0e70e-a531-4120-ba37-3efd1ea447c1/Screenshot+2025-08-28+at+10.58.05%E2%80%AFAM.png Module Instructions: Cell Cycle and Meiosis - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/68710a8f-9192-40fd-ae15-74974e7dd7ce/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Cell Cycle and Meiosis - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/780d0df5-77dd-4feb-8b00-608ab2f23f94/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Cell Cycle and Meiosis - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-cell-cycle-c daily 0.75 2025-08-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/e5f0e70e-a531-4120-ba37-3efd1ea447c1/Screenshot+2025-08-28+at+10.58.05%E2%80%AFAM.png Module Instructions: Cell Cycle - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/68710a8f-9192-40fd-ae15-74974e7dd7ce/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Cell Cycle - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-cell-cycle-lecture daily 0.75 2025-08-28 http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-cell-cycle-lab daily 0.75 2025-08-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/e5f0e70e-a531-4120-ba37-3efd1ea447c1/Screenshot+2025-08-28+at+10.58.05%E2%80%AFAM.png Module Instructions: Cell Cycle (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/68710a8f-9192-40fd-ae15-74974e7dd7ce/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Cell Cycle (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-meiosis-c daily 0.75 2025-08-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/780d0df5-77dd-4feb-8b00-608ab2f23f94/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Meiosis (C) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-meiosis-lecture daily 0.75 2025-08-28 http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-meiosis-lab daily 0.75 2025-08-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/780d0df5-77dd-4feb-8b00-608ab2f23f94/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Meiosis (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-mendel-and-the-gene-c daily 0.75 2025-09-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/67e21042-c645-4214-835d-eec2225534a5/Screenshot+2025-09-01+at+4.49.22%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Mendel and the Gene - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/0e282d47-eb58-4559-8684-3ec59c06ffb9/Screenshot+2025-09-01+at+4.58.56%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Mendel and the Gene - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/e4fa1c71-2414-4617-a527-63377aa48f92/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Mendel and the Gene - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/97ee7ab9-e039-48f5-b847-6feb24012d99/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Mendel and the Gene - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/abd5c5c5-25a2-4c1f-85f2-0c50705f4456/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Mendel and the Gene - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/44df530e-edf5-48e9-86cf-5e7134d18eec/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Mendel and the Gene - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-mendel-and-the-gene-lecture daily 0.75 2025-09-01 http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-mendel-and-the-gene-lab daily 0.75 2025-09-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/67e21042-c645-4214-835d-eec2225534a5/Screenshot+2025-09-01+at+4.49.22%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Mendel and the Gene (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/0e282d47-eb58-4559-8684-3ec59c06ffb9/Screenshot+2025-09-01+at+4.58.56%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Mendel and the Gene (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/e4fa1c71-2414-4617-a527-63377aa48f92/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Mendel and the Gene (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/97ee7ab9-e039-48f5-b847-6feb24012d99/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Mendel and the Gene (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/abd5c5c5-25a2-4c1f-85f2-0c50705f4456/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Mendel and the Gene (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/44df530e-edf5-48e9-86cf-5e7134d18eec/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Mendel and the Gene (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-the-genetic-code-transcription-and-translation-c daily 0.75 2025-09-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/cf000ec3-7a1a-4f1f-a223-1e3cad70d5b2/Picture1.png Module Instructions: The Genetic Code - Transcription and Translation - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/18a11404-4d97-4ee9-bad6-8e2116bb4cf5/Picture1.png Module Instructions: The Genetic Code - Transcription and Translation - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/cc87c7bd-51a5-4bc3-a62c-466cb7a1371a/Screenshot+2025-09-02+at+11.14.34%E2%80%AFAM.png Module Instructions: The Genetic Code - Transcription and Translation - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/4def8373-da67-4708-85d1-52034b33f934/Picture1.png Module Instructions: The Genetic Code - Transcription and Translation - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1414518d-500a-4f58-8f00-318c1d2fc068/Picture1.png Module Instructions: The Genetic Code - Transcription and Translation - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/cc2f3bb9-1d89-4e77-b01f-5c2da06b02fb/Picture1.png Module Instructions: The Genetic Code - Transcription and Translation - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/52e81af1-8cf7-4511-bd92-74d0640a2c4e/Picture1.png Module Instructions: The Genetic Code - Transcription and Translation - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/d00160a1-f41f-4322-a3fc-26360b4bb27f/Picture1.png Module Instructions: The Genetic Code - Transcription and Translation - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/a644fe28-0f93-4e8b-8ceb-308aa24a5cc8/Picture1.png Module Instructions: The Genetic Code - Transcription and Translation - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/dcfef2a1-1ba3-46b4-892a-61473b29a831/Picture1.png Module Instructions: The Genetic Code - Transcription and Translation - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/f54f11ed-cd5c-42d1-9f28-002c9057ac83/Picture1.png Module Instructions: The Genetic Code - Transcription and Translation - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-the-genetic-code-transcription-and-translation-lecture daily 0.75 2025-09-02 http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-the-genetic-code-transcription-and-translation-lab daily 0.75 2025-09-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/cf000ec3-7a1a-4f1f-a223-1e3cad70d5b2/Picture1.png Module Instructions: The Genetic Code - Transcription and Translation (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/18a11404-4d97-4ee9-bad6-8e2116bb4cf5/Picture1.png Module Instructions: The Genetic Code - Transcription and Translation (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/cc87c7bd-51a5-4bc3-a62c-466cb7a1371a/Screenshot+2025-09-02+at+11.14.34%E2%80%AFAM.png Module Instructions: The Genetic Code - Transcription and Translation (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/4def8373-da67-4708-85d1-52034b33f934/Picture1.png Module Instructions: The Genetic Code - Transcription and Translation (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1414518d-500a-4f58-8f00-318c1d2fc068/Picture1.png Module Instructions: The Genetic Code - Transcription and Translation (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/cc2f3bb9-1d89-4e77-b01f-5c2da06b02fb/Picture1.png Module Instructions: The Genetic Code - Transcription and Translation (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/52e81af1-8cf7-4511-bd92-74d0640a2c4e/Picture1.png Module Instructions: The Genetic Code - Transcription and Translation (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/d00160a1-f41f-4322-a3fc-26360b4bb27f/Picture1.png Module Instructions: The Genetic Code - Transcription and Translation (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/a644fe28-0f93-4e8b-8ceb-308aa24a5cc8/Picture1.png Module Instructions: The Genetic Code - Transcription and Translation (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/dcfef2a1-1ba3-46b4-892a-61473b29a831/Picture1.png Module Instructions: The Genetic Code - Transcription and Translation (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/f54f11ed-cd5c-42d1-9f28-002c9057ac83/Picture1.png Module Instructions: The Genetic Code - Transcription and Translation (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-dna-replication-c daily 0.75 2025-09-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/b9b6f682-fea5-43a2-9a3a-b7f3aba674c7/Picture1.png Module Instructions: DNA Replication - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/9a087422-3124-4d88-a553-20eeaf026408/Picture1.png Module Instructions: DNA Replication - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/2bda66dc-edb3-490e-8c54-7d0e13c8076f/Picture1.png Module Instructions: DNA Replication - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/0177fd89-020b-4b7a-a690-8efcd5b3c3ea/Picture1.png Module Instructions: DNA Replication - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/a98e8abf-95e8-48cd-abd5-e5c5f2691976/Picture1.png Module Instructions: DNA Replication - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/7c0a09e6-e4ac-4af2-8355-9503fb90e59a/Picture1.png Module Instructions: DNA Replication - 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Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/9a087422-3124-4d88-a553-20eeaf026408/Picture1.png Module Instructions: DNA Replication (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/2bda66dc-edb3-490e-8c54-7d0e13c8076f/Picture1.png Module Instructions: DNA Replication (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/0177fd89-020b-4b7a-a690-8efcd5b3c3ea/Picture1.png Module Instructions: DNA Replication (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/a98e8abf-95e8-48cd-abd5-e5c5f2691976/Picture1.png Module Instructions: DNA Replication (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/7c0a09e6-e4ac-4af2-8355-9503fb90e59a/Picture1.png Module Instructions: DNA Replication (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/c5dfe6b5-fb1b-4387-bf28-de288bd18a5c/Picture1.png Module Instructions: DNA Replication (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/b3bde017-8304-4799-9242-aba169b36bfe/Picture1.png Module Instructions: DNA Replication (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/d3aeeabc-1492-43d4-bb89-b13dd9821798/Picture1.png Module Instructions: DNA Replication (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-cell-membrane-and-diffusion-c-nolab daily 0.75 2025-09-04 http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-cell-membrane-and-diffusion-c-wlab daily 0.75 2025-09-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/d39abd6e-d23f-44b8-9c2a-7bdee993c15b/2.png Module Instructions: Cell Membrane and Diffusion - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1707e8e8-bd16-4db2-ab91-e55eea25bf25/Screenshot+2025-09-04+at+9.49.17%E2%80%AFAM.png Module Instructions: Cell Membrane and Diffusion - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-cell-membrane-and-diffusion-lecture daily 0.75 2025-09-04 http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-cellular-respiration-lecture daily 0.75 2025-09-04 http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-cellular-respiration-c daily 0.75 2025-09-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/4b8114b4-a09e-4edb-9627-14bd70f4cccc/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Cellular Respiration - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://thebiologyprimer.com/lab-materials-needed-photosynthesis-and-cellular-respiration daily 0.75 2025-09-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/a6614d45-a559-4575-b826-ef507677a135/Picture1.png Lab Materials Needed: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-photosynthesis daily 0.75 2025-09-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/4f921c81-05e6-4d25-8091-aa6417a8c4e9/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Photosynthesis - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/a21a9e08-d4b9-4fa3-b8fb-9ae07bef1ced/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Photosynthesis - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/834d023d-d635-48bd-a835-012ae1b29d67/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Photosynthesis - 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Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/5c1869e4-d10b-40dc-876e-dae022ca56e6/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Photosynthesis (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/cc0baae2-075a-44a1-bb8e-5d21d2b16bca/Screenshot+2025-09-05+at+1.02.29%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Photosynthesis (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/23bf538b-e68e-4b4f-a657-e71fa7421f33/Screenshot+2025-09-05+at+1.05.51%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Photosynthesis (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/299882e2-6f2f-4a2d-82b0-df3541568e77/Screenshot+2025-09-05+at+1.14.36%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Photosynthesis (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/761b320a-6345-4103-8061-5601bb4dab51/Screenshot+2025-09-05+at+1.18.34%E2%80%AFPM.png Module Instructions: Photosynthesis (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-photosynthesis-lecture daily 0.75 2025-09-05 http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-cellular-respiration-lab daily 0.75 2025-09-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/4b8114b4-a09e-4edb-9627-14bd70f4cccc/Picture1.png Module Instructions: Cellular Respiration (Lab) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://thebiologyprimer.com/module-instructions-beyond-mendel daily 0.75 2025-09-09 http://thebiologyprimer.com/chapter-the-cell-cycle daily 0.75 2026-02-23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/86daa755-648a-4038-84c2-24ed8672cd81/512px-Parent_and_daughter_cells.png Chapter: The Cell Cycle - Make it stand out Cell Division. Source https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/f1244754-93c6-4ecf-b5d0-91402163fff0/Three_cell_growth_types.webp Chapter: The Cell Cycle - Make it stand out Binary Fission. Source https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/5bccae35-76ec-464f-8942-3873a67dbb97/Mitosis_cells_sequence.svg.png Chapter: The Cell Cycle - Make it stand out The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle. Source https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/3ef8245a-be23-45a6-90f7-e04fdc0c684e/Interphase.png Chapter: The Cell Cycle - Make it stand out Eukaryotic cell during DNA Synthesis. Source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/66fbb413-1ac6-49b4-9b73-22766b38f92d/512px-First_gap_cell_lifecycle.svg.png Chapter: The Cell Cycle - Make it stand out G1 Phase of Interphase. Source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/7ee909e3-f576-4197-b322-9bde57b0a66a/512px-Synthesis_cell_lifecycle.svg.png Chapter: The Cell Cycle - Make it stand out S phase of Interphase. Source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/21e272ce-7ce3-43c9-919e-80a90bb30c00/512px-Second_gap_cell_lifecycle.svg.png Chapter: The Cell Cycle - Make it stand out G2 phase of Interphase. Source https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/669f2e36-5685-43aa-aac0-d043aef721f4/0330_Homologous_Pair_of_Chromosomes.jpg Chapter: The Cell Cycle - Make it stand out Homologous Pair of Chromosomes. Source https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/ffc732dc-0808-4b7b-92e4-3cbe4921c94e/512px-Prophase_eukaryotic_mitosis.svg.png Chapter: The Cell Cycle - Make it stand out Prophase of Mitosis. Source https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/b2d407ae-7d73-47da-b464-1af3fd8b3596/512px-Prometaphase_eukaryotic_mitosis.svg.png Chapter: The Cell Cycle - Make it stand out Prometaphase of Mitosis. Source https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/41ffb7f5-3435-40b5-b87b-f96159e0fae6/512px-Metaphase_eukaryotic_mitosis.svg.png Chapter: The Cell Cycle - Make it stand out Metaphase of Mitosis. Source https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/95fc9d56-ee4e-49b1-8cb6-b5185d62ecd7/512px-Anaphase_eukaryotic_mitosis.svg.png Chapter: The Cell Cycle - Make it stand out Anaphase of Mitosis. Source https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/3c0d2c8d-4d89-41d6-aedf-0efe204e4113/512px-Telophase_eukaryotic_mitosis.svg.png Chapter: The Cell Cycle - Make it stand out Telophase of Mitosis. Source https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/b8e69977-838c-43fc-a2d9-828c066b2e27/512px-Cytokinesis_eukaryotic_mitosis.svg.png Chapter: The Cell Cycle - Make it stand out Cytokinesis. Source http://thebiologyprimer.com/chapter-meiosis daily 0.75 2026-02-23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406643347861-WXAPMK5D01XX4GUB6HMD/Three_cell_growth_types.png Chapter: Meiosis Mitosis vs. Meiosis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406654583261-5IEP7ARHFMGL5FIO7H66/image-asset.png Chapter: Meiosis Sexual Reproduction Life Cycle https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406583401783-BAKXJ97OHX2F6RYHC5I2/image-asset.png Chapter: Meiosis Simplified overview of Meiosis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406641503191-47BTE943TDO3OFOAPG3A/image-asset.jpeg Chapter: Meiosis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406654620685-GTG4C4V45XNFYCAVG1KX/Meiosis_%28261_24%29.jpg Chapter: Meiosis Prophase I of Meiosis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406645225182-APLII7TNAARWSE8PJHHQ/51b0780fe4b05b167ed2bccb-abb0t-1370531715326-crossingover.jpeg Chapter: Meiosis Crossing over during Late Prophase I of Meiosis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406654567055-HMGBHFIWEBLKX8W20FGZ/image-asset.png Chapter: Meiosis Metaphase I of Meiosis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406654661093-LJLZ0QNAHWGJX7N963TQ/image-asset.png Chapter: Meiosis Anaphase I of Meiosis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406654695346-3QLRF0GW199TNXN0W9O9/image-asset.png Chapter: Meiosis Telophase I of Meiosis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406654727060-Y6LSUQ89NBSE7KJV1P7Z/image-asset.png Chapter: Meiosis The end product of meiosis is four haploid cells. http://thebiologyprimer.com/test daily 0.75 2026-02-23 http://thebiologyprimer.com/practice-exam-unit-1 daily 0.75 2026-02-25 http://thebiologyprimer.com/biology-1-unit-1-practice-exam daily 0.75 2026-02-26 http://thebiologyprimer.com/biology-1-unit-2-practice-exam daily 0.75 2026-02-27 http://thebiologyprimer.com/practice-exam-biology-2-unit-1 daily 0.75 2026-02-27 http://thebiologyprimer.com/practice-exam-biology-2-unit-2 daily 0.75 2026-02-28 http://thebiologyprimer.com/chapter-photosynthesis daily 0.75 2026-02-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406219591338-ZQJREXLWVMTJE8JDN7YD/Plants.gif Chapter: Photosynthesis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406225493835-VNIKDKZI5MI2OO9LKO0A/800px-Chloroplast_diagram.svg.png Chapter: Photosynthesis Anatomy of a chloroplast https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406223052917-ZX3ARISSO6SKQIDXLYC9/Untitled.jpg Chapter: Photosynthesis Cross Section of a Leaf. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/1406225295645-7OC068972Q6M03Z02DZ9/image-asset.png Chapter: Photosynthesis Vascular Bundle of a Leaf. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/94151eaf-1b28-4b65-b5e2-444d94b09f6f/1024px-Photosynthesis_overview.png Chapter: Photosynthesis - Make it stand out Stages of Photosynthesis: Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/acb65b43-8a48-4ad8-a44e-64987f939ebc/512px-VisibleWavelengths.png Chapter: Photosynthesis - Make it stand out The visible light spectrum https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/2744c9ce-5430-402b-bca3-8131a9c0c1ed/Picture2.png Chapter: Photosynthesis - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://thebiologyprimer.com/biology-2-unit-1practice-exam-copy daily 0.75 2026-02-27 http://thebiologyprimer.com/biology-1-unit-1-practice-exam-2 daily 0.75 2026-03-03 http://thebiologyprimer.com/the-biology-lab-primer-download daily 0.75 2025-09-17 http://thebiologyprimer.com/the-biology-lab-primer-download/the-biology-lab-primer-ecology-evolution-and-the-diversity-of-life-laboratory-edition monthly 0.5 2025-09-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/2749c0de-411b-484a-9e76-b62d019e2145/Screenshot+2025-09-17+120109.png The Biology Lab Primer Download - The Biology Lab Primer: Ecology, Evolution and the Diversity of Life (Laboratory Edition) - Screenshot 2025-09-17 120109.png